NUR-641E ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY FOR THE
NURSE EDUCATOR ACTUAL 2025-2026 FULL FINAL EXAM GRADED A+
Pharmacokinetics -CORRECT- Involves ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination).
Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the blood/plasma.
Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular
fluid.
Metabolism: bio-transformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
Elimination: lastly, the drug & its metabolites are eliminated from the body
The route of administration with the highest bio-availability is -CORRECT- Intravenous; putting entire
dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption. Intravenous route avoids first-pass metabolism in
the liver.
rectal administration disadvantages -CORRECT- variable and erratic absorption
Steady state (SS) -CORRECT- is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of a drug
The half-life of a drug is defined as -CORRECT- how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the
body
Half-life of a drug -CORRECT- Determines how frequently the drug must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects can last
Half-life is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
CYP3A4 substrate drugs -CORRECT- May have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used
along with it.
Drug development steps (according to the FDA) -CORRECT- Discovery: laboratory research to develop
the new drug
Pre-clinical research with animal testing for safety (Phase I)
Clinical research on human subjects for medication safety (Phase II)
Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications or placebo depending on
the study (Phase III)
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Post-marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV)
Medication safety organizations -CORRECT- The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
The Joint Commission
, The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCCMERP)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) -CORRECT- Two basic type of ADRs: pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting,
and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions.
ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported.
Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care, using multiple medications, and
using several pharmacies for prescription filling.
Cardiovascular-Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs): -CORRECT- Lisinopril, captopril,
enalapril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril;
*ACEIs reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
*Important side effects of ACE inhibitors include cough and angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if
angioedema occurs.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs): -CORRECT- Candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten),
irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
Cardiovascular-Essential (primary) hypertension -CORRECT- Accounts for 90% of cases; secondary
hypertension may be caused by chronic renal failure.
Nitroglycerin -CORRECT- nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina; a nitrate drug that can be
administered IV, SL, a topical ointment and as a transdermal patch
PDE-5 inhibitors -CORRECT- -Pulmonary hypertension therapy
-Include sildenafil. Inhibit cGMP PDE5 and prolong vasodilatory effect of nitric oxide.
cGMP phosphodiesterase -CORRECT- an enzyme in cells that converts cGMP into GMP
Amiodarone -CORRECT- is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart failure; can cause
thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation -CORRECT- results in vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade -CORRECT- results in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure
Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation -CORRECT- by beta agonists (e.g., isoproterenol) results in increased heart
rate, increased blood pressure and increased cardiac output.
Beta-1 adrenergic blockade -CORRECT- results in reduced heart rate, reduced blood pressure and
reduced cardiac output.
Left heart failure -CORRECT- The heart does not adequately circulate blood to systemic system. Due to
pressure overload or volume overload
NURSE EDUCATOR ACTUAL 2025-2026 FULL FINAL EXAM GRADED A+
Pharmacokinetics -CORRECT- Involves ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination).
Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the blood/plasma.
Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular
fluid.
Metabolism: bio-transformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
Elimination: lastly, the drug & its metabolites are eliminated from the body
The route of administration with the highest bio-availability is -CORRECT- Intravenous; putting entire
dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption. Intravenous route avoids first-pass metabolism in
the liver.
rectal administration disadvantages -CORRECT- variable and erratic absorption
Steady state (SS) -CORRECT- is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of a drug
The half-life of a drug is defined as -CORRECT- how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the
body
Half-life of a drug -CORRECT- Determines how frequently the drug must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects can last
Half-life is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
CYP3A4 substrate drugs -CORRECT- May have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used
along with it.
Drug development steps (according to the FDA) -CORRECT- Discovery: laboratory research to develop
the new drug
Pre-clinical research with animal testing for safety (Phase I)
Clinical research on human subjects for medication safety (Phase II)
Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications or placebo depending on
the study (Phase III)
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Post-marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV)
Medication safety organizations -CORRECT- The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
The Joint Commission
, The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCCMERP)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) -CORRECT- Two basic type of ADRs: pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting,
and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions.
ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported.
Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care, using multiple medications, and
using several pharmacies for prescription filling.
Cardiovascular-Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs): -CORRECT- Lisinopril, captopril,
enalapril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril;
*ACEIs reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
*Important side effects of ACE inhibitors include cough and angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if
angioedema occurs.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs): -CORRECT- Candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten),
irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
Cardiovascular-Essential (primary) hypertension -CORRECT- Accounts for 90% of cases; secondary
hypertension may be caused by chronic renal failure.
Nitroglycerin -CORRECT- nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina; a nitrate drug that can be
administered IV, SL, a topical ointment and as a transdermal patch
PDE-5 inhibitors -CORRECT- -Pulmonary hypertension therapy
-Include sildenafil. Inhibit cGMP PDE5 and prolong vasodilatory effect of nitric oxide.
cGMP phosphodiesterase -CORRECT- an enzyme in cells that converts cGMP into GMP
Amiodarone -CORRECT- is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart failure; can cause
thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation -CORRECT- results in vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade -CORRECT- results in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure
Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation -CORRECT- by beta agonists (e.g., isoproterenol) results in increased heart
rate, increased blood pressure and increased cardiac output.
Beta-1 adrenergic blockade -CORRECT- results in reduced heart rate, reduced blood pressure and
reduced cardiac output.
Left heart failure -CORRECT- The heart does not adequately circulate blood to systemic system. Due to
pressure overload or volume overload
