PN 2003 PRACTICE FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS

PN 2003 PRACTICE FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS Alzheimer's disease: early stage - ANSWER -mild impairment, short term memory loss and depression Alzheimer's disease: middle stage - ANSWER -increased need for assistance with ADL's (Activities of daily living and IADL's (instrumental activities of daily living) Alzheimer's disease - ANSWER -Late Stage 24-hour care is required, unable to communicate or look after themselves What are characteristics of vascular? - ANSWER -Vascular Dementia is caused by small cerebral infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the onset is more rapid, and the disease progresses more predictably onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke - abrupt onset of signs and symptoms - infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the brain Risk factors include - smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain - hypertension - hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain - inactivity - history of stoke or cardiovascular disease What is dementia? - ANSWER -Dementia is an irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive function, affecting - memory - orientation - judgement - reasoning - attention span - language and problem-solving skills Signs and Symptoms of dementia - ANSWER -Signs and Symptoms - decline in memory, reasoning, and communication - changes in behavior - loss of skills (ADL's and IADL's) - movement difficulties What is front temporal dementia? - ANSWER -Dementia is an irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive function, affecting - memory - orientation - judgement - reasoning - attention span - language and problem-solving skills 1. Memory Impairment 2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking 3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment 4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places 5. Disturbance in executive functioning Signs and Symptoms - decline in memory, reasoning, and communication - changes in behavior - loss of skills (ADL's and IADL's) - movement difficulties Frontal Temporal Dementia is characterized by neuronal atrophy affecting the frontal lobes of the brain rather neurofibrillary tangles and plaques as seen in Alzheimer's. - shrinking of the frontal lobes of the brain Language Abnormalities - logorrhea: unfocused speech - echolalia: spontaneous repetition of words/phrases - palilalia: compulsive repetition of phrases Behavioral Changes - either withdrawn of disinhibited Pick's disease (most common) - subtype of frontal temporal dementia - pick bodies (silver staining intracytoplasmic inclusions in neocortex and hippocampus) depression in the older adults - ANSWER -Depression is prolonged sense of sadness and hopelessness lasting longer than 2 weeks - diminished interest in activities - weight loss - insomnia (sleep disturbances) - psychomotor agitation, fatigue What is delirium and characteristics? - ANSWER -early signs disturbed sleep - wake cycles, restlessness, and sleep disturbances - acute onset (rapid) - acute illness - usually, reversible - disorientation early - fluctuation - clouded (drowsy) - altered level of consciousness - hypervigilance - mild drowsiness - semi comatose status - Short attention span - hallucinations - psychomotor - agitation - worsened memory - meaningless chatter - poor judgment - auditory and visual impairment - immobility - dehydration Delirium is a reversible alteration in cognition caused by acute conditions What is postural hypotension? - ANSWER -orthostatic hypotension: sudden drop in blood pressure from sitting to standing or standing to sitting What is hypertension? - ANSWER -Hypertension is a lanthatic or silent disease. Frequently asymptomatic until it becomes severe and target-organ disease has occurred What is the normal hypertension ? - ANSWER -Hypertension is high blood pressure 140/90 What are the signs and symptoms of hypertension? - ANSWER -- Reduced Activity Tolerance - Dizziness - Palpitations - Angina: chest pain - Dyspnea: difficulty breathing - Epistaxis: hemorrhage of the nostril - slow tremor - dizziness - syncope - restlessness - elevated blood urea - drowsiness