Pathophysiology NURS 231 Module 7 Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025

Pathophysiology NURS 231 Module 7 Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025 Review the structure and function of the GI tract - Answers GI tract organs - Answers mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine accessory organs - Answers teeth tongue gallbladder salivary glands liver pancreas organs used for mechanical processing of food - Answers oral cavity teeth tongue salivary glands - Answers -contain amylase enzyme to break down carbs -bolus formation pharynx - Answers muscular propulsion of food into esophagus esophagus - Answers passageway that uses peristalsis to move food toward the stomach stomach - Answers -chemical digestion via acid and pepsin (digest proteins into amino acids) -mechanical digestion via muscular contractions -3 layers of smooth muscle What role(s) does the liver serve? - Answers estimated to have over 200 functions -produces bile -stores vitamins and minerals and converts them to be useable by the body -metabolizes hormones and drugs -synthesizes proteins, glucose, and clotting factors -changes ammonia to urea -converts fatty acids to ketones -can store large amounts of glucose as glycogen -can synthesize glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid during times of fasting or increased demand -can convert excess carbohydrates to triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue -is a major site for protein synthesis and degradation. liver - Answers -bile synthesis -store and release nutrients (glycogen and lipids) -maintains concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in blood -cholesterol synthesis -inter-conversion of nutrient types when needed gallbladder - Answers -stores bile -when a fatty meal is consumed, the gallbladder is signaled via hormones to contract -when it contracts it empties bile into small intestine to aid in fat digestion pancreas - Answers exocrine functions: -produces pancreatic juice with enzymes and alkaline buffer (neutralizes stomach acid to not harm small intestine) to aid in digestion in small intestine (protease to break down proteins, lipase for fats, amylase for starch) endocrine functions: -secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) to regulate blood glucose levels -insulin drops blood glucose -glucagon raises blood glucose during fasting small intestine - Answers -chemical digestion into macronutrients -absorption of nutrients, vitamins, water, ions -needs large surface area to absorb all nutrients large intestine - Answers -mainly absorption of water -microbiome helps produce some vitamins to be absorbed (vitamin K) -elimination of indigestible food -feces is eliminated via peristalsis 4 layers of the GI wall - Answers mucosal layer submucosal layer muscularis externa serosal layer mucosal layer - Answers -1 of 4 layers of the GI wall -Produces mucus that lubricates and protects the inner surface of the alimentary canal -Secretes digestive enzymes and substances that break down food -Absorbs the breakdown products of digestion -Maintains a barrier to prevent the entry of noxious substances and pathogenic organisms submucosal layer - Answers -1 of 4 layers of the GI wall -blood vessels, nerves, and structures to secrete digestive enzymes muscularis externa - Answers -1 of 4 layers of the GI wall -inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an outer layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers -These layers help move the contents through the GI tract serosal layer - Answers -1 of 4 layers of the GI wall -serous membrane -outermost layer of organs, called the visceral peritoneum mesentery - Answers -double layer of peritoneum that encloses a portion or all of one of the abdominal viscera and attaches it to the abdominal wall -has blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall -holds the organs in place and stores fat omentum - Answers -double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity -greater omentum and lesser omentum greater omentum - Answers -contains fat and has a lot of mobility to follow the movements of the intestines -connects to the stomach and covers the transverse colon and the folds of the intestine -can form adhesions (fibrous scar tissue) adjacent to inflamed organs, such as the appendix -cushions the abdominal organs against injury and provides insulation against the loss of body heat lesser omentum - Answers -lesser omentum extends between the liver and lesser curvature of the stomach rhythmic movements - Answers -intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food along -found in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and small intestine. tonic movements - Answers -have a constant level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation -located in the lower esophagus, the upper region of the stomach, the ileocecal valve, and the internal anal sphincter.