1. Which of the following is most commonly associated with the
pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A) Pulmonary fibrosis
B) Obstructive airway inflammation
C) Increased lung compliance
D) Pulmonary vasoconstriction
Answer: B) Obstructive airway inflammation
Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the
airways, leading to airway narrowing and obstructive airflow. This
inflammation results in the destruction of lung tissue and increased
mucus production, which is not typically seen with pulmonary fibrosis
or increased lung compliance. Pulmonary vasoconstriction is more
associated with conditions like pulmonary hypertension.
2. In the context of acute renal failure, which of the following best
describes prerenal failure?
A) Glomerular damage causing reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B) Obstruction of urinary flow leading to increased back pressure
C) Decreased renal blood flow leading to reduced perfusion
D) Acute tubular necrosis from toxic injury
Answer: C) Decreased renal blood flow leading to reduced perfusion
Rationale: Prerenal failure is primarily caused by a reduction in renal
blood flow, which can be due to factors like hypovolemia, heart failure,
or severe vasodilation. It is characterized by a decrease in perfusion to
the kidneys without direct damage to the renal tissues themselves.
,3. Which of the following is a hallmark feature of type 1 diabetes
mellitus (T1DM)?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
C) Decreased glucose production by the liver
D) Increased secretion of glucagon
Answer: B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
Rationale: In T1DM, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and
destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to
absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is
typically associated with insulin resistance.
4. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of
hypertension?
A) Decreased systemic vascular resistance and blood volume
B) Increased sodium retention and volume expansion
C) Decreased cardiac output and peripheral resistance
D) Increased capillary permeability and edema formation
Answer: B) Increased sodium retention and volume expansion
Rationale: Hypertension can result from an increase in blood volume
due to sodium retention, which increases blood pressure. It can also
result from increased peripheral vascular resistance. Options A, C, and D
are not characteristic of the pathophysiology of hypertension.
5. In a patient with cirrhosis, which of the following is most likely to
cause ascites?
, A) Hyperalbuminemia
B) Increased portal venous pressure
C) Decreased renal perfusion
D) Increased peritoneal protein secretion
Answer: B) Increased portal venous pressure
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to increased portal hypertension, which
results in the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, causing
ascites. The liver's inability to produce adequate albumin also
contributes to fluid accumulation, but increased portal pressure is the
primary factor.
6. Which of the following is a key feature in the pathophysiology of
osteoarthritis?
A) Autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage
B) Decreased bone density in affected joints
C) Progressive degradation of articular cartilage
D) Inflammatory synovitis with joint destruction
Answer: C) Progressive degradation of articular cartilage
Rationale: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized
by the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness,
and reduced mobility. It is not primarily an autoimmune condition or
characterized by inflammation, as in rheumatoid arthritis.
7. In the pathophysiology of asthma, which of the following occurs
during an acute exacerbation?
A) Smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation
B) Increased airway mucous production and bronchoconstriction
pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A) Pulmonary fibrosis
B) Obstructive airway inflammation
C) Increased lung compliance
D) Pulmonary vasoconstriction
Answer: B) Obstructive airway inflammation
Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the
airways, leading to airway narrowing and obstructive airflow. This
inflammation results in the destruction of lung tissue and increased
mucus production, which is not typically seen with pulmonary fibrosis
or increased lung compliance. Pulmonary vasoconstriction is more
associated with conditions like pulmonary hypertension.
2. In the context of acute renal failure, which of the following best
describes prerenal failure?
A) Glomerular damage causing reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B) Obstruction of urinary flow leading to increased back pressure
C) Decreased renal blood flow leading to reduced perfusion
D) Acute tubular necrosis from toxic injury
Answer: C) Decreased renal blood flow leading to reduced perfusion
Rationale: Prerenal failure is primarily caused by a reduction in renal
blood flow, which can be due to factors like hypovolemia, heart failure,
or severe vasodilation. It is characterized by a decrease in perfusion to
the kidneys without direct damage to the renal tissues themselves.
,3. Which of the following is a hallmark feature of type 1 diabetes
mellitus (T1DM)?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
C) Decreased glucose production by the liver
D) Increased secretion of glucagon
Answer: B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
Rationale: In T1DM, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and
destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to
absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is
typically associated with insulin resistance.
4. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of
hypertension?
A) Decreased systemic vascular resistance and blood volume
B) Increased sodium retention and volume expansion
C) Decreased cardiac output and peripheral resistance
D) Increased capillary permeability and edema formation
Answer: B) Increased sodium retention and volume expansion
Rationale: Hypertension can result from an increase in blood volume
due to sodium retention, which increases blood pressure. It can also
result from increased peripheral vascular resistance. Options A, C, and D
are not characteristic of the pathophysiology of hypertension.
5. In a patient with cirrhosis, which of the following is most likely to
cause ascites?
, A) Hyperalbuminemia
B) Increased portal venous pressure
C) Decreased renal perfusion
D) Increased peritoneal protein secretion
Answer: B) Increased portal venous pressure
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to increased portal hypertension, which
results in the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, causing
ascites. The liver's inability to produce adequate albumin also
contributes to fluid accumulation, but increased portal pressure is the
primary factor.
6. Which of the following is a key feature in the pathophysiology of
osteoarthritis?
A) Autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage
B) Decreased bone density in affected joints
C) Progressive degradation of articular cartilage
D) Inflammatory synovitis with joint destruction
Answer: C) Progressive degradation of articular cartilage
Rationale: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized
by the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness,
and reduced mobility. It is not primarily an autoimmune condition or
characterized by inflammation, as in rheumatoid arthritis.
7. In the pathophysiology of asthma, which of the following occurs
during an acute exacerbation?
A) Smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation
B) Increased airway mucous production and bronchoconstriction
