Advanced Health Assessment & Diagnostic Reasoning- Exam Questions Fully Solved Latest Update 2025 (Rated A+)

Advanced Health Assessment & Diagnostic Reasoning- Exam Questions Fully Solved Latest Update 2025 (Rated A+) Basic Densities on X-ray - Answers Air: Blackest, Fat, Fluid/Soft Tissues, Calcium, Metal (Whitest) Nexus Criteria Points - Answers focal neurological deficit present, midline spinal tenderness present, altered LOC, intoxication present, distracting injury present Nexus criteria definition - Answers Clinical decision aid that can be used to r/o cervical spine injury in trauma patients who are alert & stable without radiographic imaging When to use X-rays - Answers Best for bony structures and some soft tissue diseases (e.g. pneumonia) MRI indications - Answers Neurological conditions, muscles, ligaments, & tendons Types of Nuclear Medicine Studies - Answers SPECT, PET Scan SPECT imaging - Answers Myocardial perfusion study, functional brain imaging PET scan - Answers NM study, diagnosis of & treatment of cancer Leukopenia - Answers WBC below 4,000 Leukopenia Causes - Answers Autoimmune, Lupus, Leukemia, Aplastic Anemia, Bone Marrow Disorders, medications (chemo, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, cardiac) Neutrophils Purpose/ Range - Answers Bacterial Infections Lymphocytes Purpose/Range - Answers viral infections/ 19-48 Monocytes Purpose/ Range - Answers Chronic Infections (e.g. TB)/ 3.4-9 Eosinophils Purpose/ Range - Answers parasites/ 0-7 Basophils Purpose/ Range - Answers Bee stings, allergies/ 0-2.0 Hemoglobin Normal Range - Answers 10-16g/dl Hematocrit Normal Range - Answers 37-47% Normal Total Cholesterol Range - Answers Less than 200: Normal, 200-239: Borderline, 240: High Cholesterol Screening Recommendations - Answers Start at age 20, then every 5 years until 40, then every 2-3 years, consider stopping at age 75 low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Range - Answers "bad cholesterol" 100 normal, 190 start high intensity statin, goal is 70 High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Answers "good cholesterol" 40 males, 50 females Triglycerides - Answers 150, 500 treat triglycerides first, 1000 at risk for pancreatitis Symptoms of Hypocalcemia - Answers Signs of Tetany: Trousseau's Sign, Chvostek's Sign, Seizures Trousseau's sign - Answers A sign of hypocalcemia . Carpal spasm caused by inflating a blood pressure cuff above the client's systolic pressure and leaving it in place for 3 minutes. Chovstek's sign - Answers Sign of hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia; abnormal functioning of the facial nerve causes a twitch on the same side of the face Sodium Normal Range - Answers 136-145 mEq/L Symptoms of hyponatremia - Answers 125mEq, weakness, dehydration 90-105 severe neuro s/s, vascular problems Symptoms of Hypernatremia - Answers Cardiovascular and renal symptoms, 160: heart failure BUN Normal Range - Answers 6-10mg/L Creatinine Range - Answers Men: 0.9-1.3mg/dL Women: 0.6-1.1mg/dL Stage 1 Kidney Disease - Answers GFR range 90-130, kidney damage with normal functioning Stage 2 Kidney Disease - Answers 60-90, kidney damage with mild decreased kidney function Stage 3 Kidney Disease - Answers 30-60, moderate decreased kidney function Stage 4 Kidney Disease - Answers 15-30, severe decreased kidney function Stage 5 Kidney Disease - Answers 0-15, kidney failure Knee-ACL Tests - Answers Ballottement Test, Anterior Drawer Test, Lachman Test, Pivot Shift Test Ballottement test - Answers Test for effusion, push patella posteriorly with 2 or 3 fingers with a quick, sharp motion. If large effusion will descend to the trochlea, strikes it with a distinct impact, and flows back to former position Anterior Drawer Test - Answers Patient supine, flex hip to 45 degrees and knee to 90 degrees, Lachman Test - Answers application of anterior and posterior force to the proximal posterior tibia to determine the stability of the ACL and PCL Pivot Shift Test - Answers internal rotation of the ankle combined with medial force to assess the stability of the ACL Knee-PCL Tests - Answers Posterior Drawer Test, Gravity "Sag" Sign near Extension Test, Active Reduction "Quad Activation" of Posterior Tibial Subluxation Posterior Drawer Test - Answers Patient in supine with knee flexed 90 deg. and hip flexed 45 deg. Therapist stabilizes lower leg by sitting on foot. Therapist grasps proximal tibia with hands and places thumbs on tibial plateau and administers a posterior directed force to tibia on femur. Positive test is indicated by excess posterior translation of tibia on femur with diminished/absent end-point and may be indicative of PCL injury Gravity "Sag" Sign Near Extension Test - Answers Resting position, femur on a 15cm support & heel resting on exam table (20 degrees of flexion) unsupported proximal tibia displays a concave anterior contour Active Reduction "Quad Activation" of Posterior Tibial Subluxation - Answers When the patient raises the heel 2-3cm, a normal anterior contour is restored Knee-Meniscal - Answers Joint-Line Tenderness, McMurray Test, Thessaly Test Joint line tenderness - Answers Palpate medially or laterally along the knee to the joint line between the femur and tibial condyles McMurray Test - Answers Flex hip and knee maximally, apply a vagus (abduction) force to the knee while externally rotating the foot and passively extending the knee. Audible or palpable snap or click with pain during extension suggests a tear of the medial meniscus Lateral Meniscus apply a varus (adduction) stress during internal rotation of the foot and passive extension of the knee Thessaly Test - Answers Hold patient's outstretched hands while the pt. stands flat footed on the floor, internally and externally rotating the affected leg 3 times with the knee flexed 20 degrees. Positive finding: pain at the medial or lateral joint line Ankle Examination Tests - Answers Anterior Drawer Test, Calf Squeeze test (Thompson), Squeeze test, tarsal tunnel syndrome ` Anterior Draw test of the Ankle - Answers TESTS ANTERIOR TALOFIBULAR LIG INSTABILITY 1. Stabilize tibia with 1 hand 2. Pull forward on heel 10-15 degrees of flexion, translate rear foot anteriorly Positive Result: talus translates forward