NURS 6030 Exam 3 Questions With Complete Solutions
hypopituitarism
Def: decreased release of pituitary hormones.
Cause: pituitary adenoma, radiation in brain, ischemia, trauma.
S/S: depend on which hormone is insufficient. (GH, FSH/LSH,
ACTH, TSH)
hyperpituitarism
Def: increased levels of GH.
Cause: typically pituitary adenoma.
S/S: gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults. Increased
facial bone width, arthralgia, coarse skin/hair.
hormones required for normal growth?
GH, insulin growth factors, TH, insulin, androgens.
hypothyroidism
Def: Hashimoto's; autoimmune destruction of gland leading to
decreased production of TH's.
Cause: self-antibodies attack thyroid gland. Genetic
predisposition.
S/S: slowed metabolism, myxedema.
hyperthyroidism
,Def: Grave's disease; increased production of TSH, increasing
TH's.
Cause: abnormal stimulation of thyroid by TSH receptor
antibodies.
S/S: exophthalmos, myxedema, goiter, increased BP/P/RR,
restlessness, sweating.
Addison's disease
Def: Primary adrenal insufficiency, lack of all adrenal cortical
hormones.. --Destruction of around 90% of adrenal cortex
before S/S occur.
Cause: autoimmune, infection, cancer, bilateral hemorrhage.
S/S: urine losses, K+ retention, weakness, fatigue,
hypoglycemia, weight loss etc.
Cushing's disease
Def: Excess glucocorticoids.
Cause: usually pituitary adenoma secretes excess ACTH,
secondary form.
S/S: weight gain, buffalo hump, moon face, truncal obesity,
muscle wasting, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis.
Type 1 DM
Def: absolute lack of insulin.
Cause: autoimmune or idiopathic destruction of pancreatic beta
cells.
, S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, polyphagia, ketoacidosis,
dehydration.
Type 2 DM
Def: insulin is present, but insulin receptor resistance occurs.
Cause: cells won't uptake insulin, leading to hyperinsulinemia,
wearing out beta cells, increasing glucagon released by liver.
S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, recurrent infections, visual
changes, NO polyphagia, neuropathy.
hyperglycemia
Def: abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.
Cause: Type 1 or 2 DM.
S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, blurry vision, difficulty concentrating,
HA, fatigue.
hypoglycemia
Def: abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood.
Cause: wrong insulin dose, insufficient diet, increased exercise.
S/S: hunger, sweating, fatigue, shakiness, confusion, anxiety,
neurological symptoms etc.
diabetic ketoacidosis
Def: complication in Type 1 DM, where hyperglycemia leads to
high production of ketones in blood.
Cause: hyperglycemia leads to FFA in blood; FFA undergo
ketogenesis, causing increased ketones and eventually lowering
hypopituitarism
Def: decreased release of pituitary hormones.
Cause: pituitary adenoma, radiation in brain, ischemia, trauma.
S/S: depend on which hormone is insufficient. (GH, FSH/LSH,
ACTH, TSH)
hyperpituitarism
Def: increased levels of GH.
Cause: typically pituitary adenoma.
S/S: gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults. Increased
facial bone width, arthralgia, coarse skin/hair.
hormones required for normal growth?
GH, insulin growth factors, TH, insulin, androgens.
hypothyroidism
Def: Hashimoto's; autoimmune destruction of gland leading to
decreased production of TH's.
Cause: self-antibodies attack thyroid gland. Genetic
predisposition.
S/S: slowed metabolism, myxedema.
hyperthyroidism
,Def: Grave's disease; increased production of TSH, increasing
TH's.
Cause: abnormal stimulation of thyroid by TSH receptor
antibodies.
S/S: exophthalmos, myxedema, goiter, increased BP/P/RR,
restlessness, sweating.
Addison's disease
Def: Primary adrenal insufficiency, lack of all adrenal cortical
hormones.. --Destruction of around 90% of adrenal cortex
before S/S occur.
Cause: autoimmune, infection, cancer, bilateral hemorrhage.
S/S: urine losses, K+ retention, weakness, fatigue,
hypoglycemia, weight loss etc.
Cushing's disease
Def: Excess glucocorticoids.
Cause: usually pituitary adenoma secretes excess ACTH,
secondary form.
S/S: weight gain, buffalo hump, moon face, truncal obesity,
muscle wasting, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis.
Type 1 DM
Def: absolute lack of insulin.
Cause: autoimmune or idiopathic destruction of pancreatic beta
cells.
, S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, polyphagia, ketoacidosis,
dehydration.
Type 2 DM
Def: insulin is present, but insulin receptor resistance occurs.
Cause: cells won't uptake insulin, leading to hyperinsulinemia,
wearing out beta cells, increasing glucagon released by liver.
S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, recurrent infections, visual
changes, NO polyphagia, neuropathy.
hyperglycemia
Def: abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.
Cause: Type 1 or 2 DM.
S/S: polyuria, polydipsia, blurry vision, difficulty concentrating,
HA, fatigue.
hypoglycemia
Def: abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood.
Cause: wrong insulin dose, insufficient diet, increased exercise.
S/S: hunger, sweating, fatigue, shakiness, confusion, anxiety,
neurological symptoms etc.
diabetic ketoacidosis
Def: complication in Type 1 DM, where hyperglycemia leads to
high production of ketones in blood.
Cause: hyperglycemia leads to FFA in blood; FFA undergo
ketogenesis, causing increased ketones and eventually lowering
