Solution Manual for
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
, EXERCISE j
1
o
Thejoquestionsjoarejoinjoboldjofollowedjobyjoanswers.
1. InjoTablejo1,joidentifyjothejoleveljoofjomeasurementjoforjothejocurrentjotherapyjovariable.jo
Providejoajorationalejoforjoyourjoanswer.
Answer:joThejocurrentjotherapyjovariablejowasjomeasuredjoatjothejonominaljolevel.joThesejodrugj
ocategoriesojwerejoprobablyjodevelopedjotojobejoexhaustivejoforjothisjostudyjoandjoincludedjothejoca
tegoriesjoofjodrugsjotheojsubjectsjowerejoreceiving.joHowever,jothejocategoriesjoarejonotjoexclusive,j
osincejopatientsjoarejousuallyjoonjomorejothanjoonejocategoryjoofjothesejodrugsjotojomanagejotheirj
ohealthjoproblems.joThejocurrentjotherapiesjoarejonotjomeasuredjoatjothejoordinaljoleveljobecausejoth
eyjocannotjobejorankjoordered,josincejonojodrugjocategoryjocanjobejoconsideredjomorejoorjolessjoben
eficialjothanjoanotherjodrugjocategoryjo(seejoFigurejo1-1;joGrovejo&joGray,jo2019).
2. Whatj o isj o thej o modej o forjo thejo currentjo therapyjo variablejo inj o thisjo study?jo Providej o aj
o rationalej o foro jyourjoanswer.
Answer:jo Thejo modejo forjocurrentjo therapyjo wasjo βjoblocker.jo Ajo totaljo ofjo 100jo (94%)jo ofjo thejo cardiacjo
patients
werej o receivingj o thisj o categoryj o ofj o drug,j o whichj o wasj o thej o mostj o commonj o prescribedj
o drugj o forj o thisojsample.
3. WhatjostatisticsjowerejoconductedjotojodescribejothejoBMIjoofjothejocardiacjopatientsjoinjot
hisjosample?ojDiscussjowhetherjothesejoanalysisjotechniquesjowerejoappropriatejoorjoinappr
opriate.
Answer:jo BMIjo wasjo describedjo withjo ajo meanjo andjo standardjo deviationjo (SD).joBMIjo measureme
ntjo resultedjoinjoratio-
leveljodatajowithjocontinuousjovaluesjoandjoanjoabsolutejozerojo(Stonejo&joFrazier,jo2017).joRatio
-
joleveljodatajoshouldjobejoanalyzedjowithjoparametricjostatistics josuchjoasjothejomeanjoandjoSDjo(Gr
ovejo&joGray,oj2017;joKnapp,jo2017).
4. Researchersjousedjothejofollowingjoitemjotojomeasurejoregisteredjonurses’jo(RNs)joincomejoinj
oajostudy:joWhatjocategoryjoidentifies joyourjocurrentjoincomejoasjoanjoRN?
a.j o Lessjothanjo$50,000
b.j o $50,000jotojo59,999
c.j o $60,000jotojo69,999
d.j o $70,000jotojo80,000
e.j o $80,000joorjogreater
Whatjo leveljo ofjo measurementjo isjo thisjo incomejo variable?jo Doesjo thejo incomejo variablej
o followjo thejorulesjooutlinedjoinjoFigurejo1-1?joProvidejoajorationalejoforjoyourjoanswer.
Answer:joInjothisjoexample,jothejoincomejovariablejoisjomeasuredjoatjothejoordinaljolevel.joThejoinco
mejocatego-
joriesjoarejoexhaustive,jorangingjofromjolessjothanjo$50,000jotojogreaterjothanjo$80,000.joThejotwojo
open-ended
,AGjo1-1
, AGjo1-2 Answerj o Guidelinesj o forj o Questionsj o toj o Bej o Graded
categoriesjoensurejothatjoalljosalaryjolevelsjoarejocovered.joThejocategoriesjoarejonotjoexclusive,josinc
ejocatego-
jriesjo(d)joandjo(e)joincludejoanjo$80,000josalary,josojostudyjoparticipantsjomakingjo$80,000jomig
o
htjomarkjoeitherjo (d)jo orjo (e)jo orjo bothjo categories,jo resultingjo injo erroneousjo data.jo Categoryjo
(e)jo couldjo bejo changedojtojogreaterjothanjo$80,000,jomakingjothejocategoriesjoexclusive.joThejoc
ategoriesjocanjobejorankjoorderedjofromjothejolowestjosalaryjotojothejohighestjosalary,jowhichjoisjo
consistentjowithjoordinaljodatajo(Grovejo&joGray,jo2019;joWaltzjoetjoal.,jo2017).
5. WhatjoleveljoofjomeasurementjoisjothejoCDSjoscore?joProvidejoajorationalejoforjoyourjoanswer.
Answer:joThejoCDSjoscorejoisjoatjothejointervaljoleveljoofjomeasurement.joThejoCDSjoisjoajo26-
itemjoLikertjoscalejodevelopedjotojomeasurejodepressionjoinjocardiacjopatients.joStudyjoparticipan
tsjoratedjotheirjosymp-
jotomsjoonjoajoscalejoofjo1jotojo7,jowithjohigherjonumbersjoindicatingjoincreasedjoseverityjoinjothej
odepressionjosymptoms.joThejototaljoscoresjoforjoeachjosubjectjoobtainedjofromjothisjomulti-
itemjoscalejoarejoconsideredjotojobejoatjothejointervaljoleveljoofjomeasurementjo(Grayjoetjoal.,jo2017
;joWaltzjoetjoal.,jo2017).
6. WerejononparametricjoorjoparametricjoanalysisjotechniquesjousedjotojoanalyzejothejoCDSjos
coresjoforojthejocardiacjopatientsjoinjothisjostudy?joProvidejoajorationalejoforjoyourjoanswer.
Answer:joParametricjostatistics,josuchjoasj o meanj o andj o SD,j o werej o conductedj o toj o describej o
CDSj o scoresojforjostudyjoparticipantsjo(seejoTablejo1).joCDSjoscoresjoarejointerval-
leveljodatajoasjoindicatedjoinjoQuestionsjo5,josojoparametricjostatisticsjoarejoappropriatejoforjothisjoleve
ljoofjodatajo(Grayjoetjoal.,jo2017;joKimjo&joMallory,jo2017).
7. IsjothejoprevalencejoofjodepressionjolinkedjotojothejoNYHAjoclass?joDiscussjothejoclinicaljoi
mportancejoofjothisjoresult.
Answer:joThejostudyjonarrativejoindicatedjothatjothejoprevalencejoofjodepressionjoincreasedjowith
jothejogreaterjoNYHAjoclass.joInjoNYHAjoclassjoIII,jo64%joofjothejosubjectsjowerejodepressed,jowher
easjo11%joofjotheojsubjectsjowerejodepressedjoinjoNYHAjoclassjoI.joThus,joasjothejoNYHAjoclassjoincre
ased,jothejonumberjoofjosub-
jojectsjowithjodepressionjoincreased.joThisjoisjoanjoexpectedjofindingjobecausejoasjothejoNYHAjoclassj
oincreases,jocardiacjopatientsjohavejomorejoseverejophysicaljosymptoms, jowhichjousuallyjoresultjoinjo
emotionaljodistress,josuchjo asjo depression.jo Nursesjo needjo tojo activelyjo assessjo cardiacjo patientsjo f
orjo depression,jo especiallyjo thoseojinjohigherjoNYHAjoclasses,josojotheyjomightjobejodiagnosedjoan
djotreatedjoasjoneeded.
8. Whatjofrequencyjoandjopercentjoofjocardiacjopatientsjoinjothisjostudyjowerejonotjobeingjotr
eatedjowithjoanjoantidepressant?joShowjoyourjocalculationsjoandjoroundjoyourjoanswerjoto
jothejonearestjowholejopercentjo(%).
Answer:joAjototaljojoofjojo106jojocardiacjojopatientsjojoparticipatedjojoinjojothisjojostudy.jojoThejojos
amplejojoincludedjo15jopatientsjowhojowerejoreceivingjoanjoantidepressantjo(seejoTablejo1).joThej
ojonumberjojoofjojocardiacjopatientsj o notj o treatedj o forj o depressionj o wasj o 91j o (106j o –
j o 15j o =jo 91).j o Thej o groupj o percentj o isj o calculatedo
jbyj o thej o followingj o formula:j o (groupj o
frequencyj o ÷j o totalj o samplej o size)j o ×j o 100%.j o Forj o thisj o study,oj(91jopatientsjo÷jo106josa
mplejosize)jo×jo100%jo=jo0.858jo×jo100%jo=jo85.8%jo=jo86%.joThejojofinaljoanswerj o isj o rou
ndedj o toj o thej o nearestj o wholej o percentj o asj o directedj o inj o thej o question.j o Youj o couldj o havej
oalsojosubtractedjothejo14%joofjopatientsjotreatedjowithjoantidepressants jofromjo100%joandjoobtai
nedjothejo86%jo whojo werejo notjo treatedjo withjo anjo antidepressant.
9. Whatjowasjothejopurposejoofjothejo6-
minutejowalkjotestjo(6MWT)?joWouldjothejo6MWTjobejousefuljoinjoclinicaljopractice?
Answer:joHajoetjoal.jo(2018)jostated,jo“Thejo6-
minjowalkjotestjo(6MWT)joisjoajomeasurejoofjothejosubmaximal,ojsteady-
statejofunctionaljocapacity”joofjocardiacjopatients.joThisjotestjowouldjobejoajoquick,joeasyjowayjot
ojodeterminejoajocardiacjopatient’sjofunctionaljostatusjoinjoajoclinicaljojosetting.jojoThisjojofunctio
naljojostatusojscorej o couldj o bej o usedj o toj o determinej o thej o treatmentj o planj o toj o promotej o orj o m
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
, EXERCISE j
1
o
Thejoquestionsjoarejoinjoboldjofollowedjobyjoanswers.
1. InjoTablejo1,joidentifyjothejoleveljoofjomeasurementjoforjothejocurrentjotherapyjovariable.jo
Providejoajorationalejoforjoyourjoanswer.
Answer:joThejocurrentjotherapyjovariablejowasjomeasuredjoatjothejonominaljolevel.joThesejodrugj
ocategoriesojwerejoprobablyjodevelopedjotojobejoexhaustivejoforjothisjostudyjoandjoincludedjothejoca
tegoriesjoofjodrugsjotheojsubjectsjowerejoreceiving.joHowever,jothejocategoriesjoarejonotjoexclusive,j
osincejopatientsjoarejousuallyjoonjomorejothanjoonejocategoryjoofjothesejodrugsjotojomanagejotheirj
ohealthjoproblems.joThejocurrentjotherapiesjoarejonotjomeasuredjoatjothejoordinaljoleveljobecausejoth
eyjocannotjobejorankjoordered,josincejonojodrugjocategoryjocanjobejoconsideredjomorejoorjolessjoben
eficialjothanjoanotherjodrugjocategoryjo(seejoFigurejo1-1;joGrovejo&joGray,jo2019).
2. Whatj o isj o thej o modej o forjo thejo currentjo therapyjo variablejo inj o thisjo study?jo Providej o aj
o rationalej o foro jyourjoanswer.
Answer:jo Thejo modejo forjocurrentjo therapyjo wasjo βjoblocker.jo Ajo totaljo ofjo 100jo (94%)jo ofjo thejo cardiacjo
patients
werej o receivingj o thisj o categoryj o ofj o drug,j o whichj o wasj o thej o mostj o commonj o prescribedj
o drugj o forj o thisojsample.
3. WhatjostatisticsjowerejoconductedjotojodescribejothejoBMIjoofjothejocardiacjopatientsjoinjot
hisjosample?ojDiscussjowhetherjothesejoanalysisjotechniquesjowerejoappropriatejoorjoinappr
opriate.
Answer:jo BMIjo wasjo describedjo withjo ajo meanjo andjo standardjo deviationjo (SD).joBMIjo measureme
ntjo resultedjoinjoratio-
leveljodatajowithjocontinuousjovaluesjoandjoanjoabsolutejozerojo(Stonejo&joFrazier,jo2017).joRatio
-
joleveljodatajoshouldjobejoanalyzedjowithjoparametricjostatistics josuchjoasjothejomeanjoandjoSDjo(Gr
ovejo&joGray,oj2017;joKnapp,jo2017).
4. Researchersjousedjothejofollowingjoitemjotojomeasurejoregisteredjonurses’jo(RNs)joincomejoinj
oajostudy:joWhatjocategoryjoidentifies joyourjocurrentjoincomejoasjoanjoRN?
a.j o Lessjothanjo$50,000
b.j o $50,000jotojo59,999
c.j o $60,000jotojo69,999
d.j o $70,000jotojo80,000
e.j o $80,000joorjogreater
Whatjo leveljo ofjo measurementjo isjo thisjo incomejo variable?jo Doesjo thejo incomejo variablej
o followjo thejorulesjooutlinedjoinjoFigurejo1-1?joProvidejoajorationalejoforjoyourjoanswer.
Answer:joInjothisjoexample,jothejoincomejovariablejoisjomeasuredjoatjothejoordinaljolevel.joThejoinco
mejocatego-
joriesjoarejoexhaustive,jorangingjofromjolessjothanjo$50,000jotojogreaterjothanjo$80,000.joThejotwojo
open-ended
,AGjo1-1
, AGjo1-2 Answerj o Guidelinesj o forj o Questionsj o toj o Bej o Graded
categoriesjoensurejothatjoalljosalaryjolevelsjoarejocovered.joThejocategoriesjoarejonotjoexclusive,josinc
ejocatego-
jriesjo(d)joandjo(e)joincludejoanjo$80,000josalary,josojostudyjoparticipantsjomakingjo$80,000jomig
o
htjomarkjoeitherjo (d)jo orjo (e)jo orjo bothjo categories,jo resultingjo injo erroneousjo data.jo Categoryjo
(e)jo couldjo bejo changedojtojogreaterjothanjo$80,000,jomakingjothejocategoriesjoexclusive.joThejoc
ategoriesjocanjobejorankjoorderedjofromjothejolowestjosalaryjotojothejohighestjosalary,jowhichjoisjo
consistentjowithjoordinaljodatajo(Grovejo&joGray,jo2019;joWaltzjoetjoal.,jo2017).
5. WhatjoleveljoofjomeasurementjoisjothejoCDSjoscore?joProvidejoajorationalejoforjoyourjoanswer.
Answer:joThejoCDSjoscorejoisjoatjothejointervaljoleveljoofjomeasurement.joThejoCDSjoisjoajo26-
itemjoLikertjoscalejodevelopedjotojomeasurejodepressionjoinjocardiacjopatients.joStudyjoparticipan
tsjoratedjotheirjosymp-
jotomsjoonjoajoscalejoofjo1jotojo7,jowithjohigherjonumbersjoindicatingjoincreasedjoseverityjoinjothej
odepressionjosymptoms.joThejototaljoscoresjoforjoeachjosubjectjoobtainedjofromjothisjomulti-
itemjoscalejoarejoconsideredjotojobejoatjothejointervaljoleveljoofjomeasurementjo(Grayjoetjoal.,jo2017
;joWaltzjoetjoal.,jo2017).
6. WerejononparametricjoorjoparametricjoanalysisjotechniquesjousedjotojoanalyzejothejoCDSjos
coresjoforojthejocardiacjopatientsjoinjothisjostudy?joProvidejoajorationalejoforjoyourjoanswer.
Answer:joParametricjostatistics,josuchjoasj o meanj o andj o SD,j o werej o conductedj o toj o describej o
CDSj o scoresojforjostudyjoparticipantsjo(seejoTablejo1).joCDSjoscoresjoarejointerval-
leveljodatajoasjoindicatedjoinjoQuestionsjo5,josojoparametricjostatisticsjoarejoappropriatejoforjothisjoleve
ljoofjodatajo(Grayjoetjoal.,jo2017;joKimjo&joMallory,jo2017).
7. IsjothejoprevalencejoofjodepressionjolinkedjotojothejoNYHAjoclass?joDiscussjothejoclinicaljoi
mportancejoofjothisjoresult.
Answer:joThejostudyjonarrativejoindicatedjothatjothejoprevalencejoofjodepressionjoincreasedjowith
jothejogreaterjoNYHAjoclass.joInjoNYHAjoclassjoIII,jo64%joofjothejosubjectsjowerejodepressed,jowher
easjo11%joofjotheojsubjectsjowerejodepressedjoinjoNYHAjoclassjoI.joThus,joasjothejoNYHAjoclassjoincre
ased,jothejonumberjoofjosub-
jojectsjowithjodepressionjoincreased.joThisjoisjoanjoexpectedjofindingjobecausejoasjothejoNYHAjoclassj
oincreases,jocardiacjopatientsjohavejomorejoseverejophysicaljosymptoms, jowhichjousuallyjoresultjoinjo
emotionaljodistress,josuchjo asjo depression.jo Nursesjo needjo tojo activelyjo assessjo cardiacjo patientsjo f
orjo depression,jo especiallyjo thoseojinjohigherjoNYHAjoclasses,josojotheyjomightjobejodiagnosedjoan
djotreatedjoasjoneeded.
8. Whatjofrequencyjoandjopercentjoofjocardiacjopatientsjoinjothisjostudyjowerejonotjobeingjotr
eatedjowithjoanjoantidepressant?joShowjoyourjocalculationsjoandjoroundjoyourjoanswerjoto
jothejonearestjowholejopercentjo(%).
Answer:joAjototaljojoofjojo106jojocardiacjojopatientsjojoparticipatedjojoinjojothisjojostudy.jojoThejojos
amplejojoincludedjo15jopatientsjowhojowerejoreceivingjoanjoantidepressantjo(seejoTablejo1).joThej
ojonumberjojoofjojocardiacjopatientsj o notj o treatedj o forj o depressionj o wasj o 91j o (106j o –
j o 15j o =jo 91).j o Thej o groupj o percentj o isj o calculatedo
jbyj o thej o followingj o formula:j o (groupj o
frequencyj o ÷j o totalj o samplej o size)j o ×j o 100%.j o Forj o thisj o study,oj(91jopatientsjo÷jo106josa
mplejosize)jo×jo100%jo=jo0.858jo×jo100%jo=jo85.8%jo=jo86%.joThejojofinaljoanswerj o isj o rou
ndedj o toj o thej o nearestj o wholej o percentj o asj o directedj o inj o thej o question.j o Youj o couldj o havej
oalsojosubtractedjothejo14%joofjopatientsjotreatedjowithjoantidepressants jofromjo100%joandjoobtai
nedjothejo86%jo whojo werejo notjo treatedjo withjo anjo antidepressant.
9. Whatjowasjothejopurposejoofjothejo6-
minutejowalkjotestjo(6MWT)?joWouldjothejo6MWTjobejousefuljoinjoclinicaljopractice?
Answer:joHajoetjoal.jo(2018)jostated,jo“Thejo6-
minjowalkjotestjo(6MWT)joisjoajomeasurejoofjothejosubmaximal,ojsteady-
statejofunctionaljocapacity”joofjocardiacjopatients.joThisjotestjowouldjobejoajoquick,joeasyjowayjot
ojodeterminejoajocardiacjopatient’sjofunctionaljostatusjoinjoajoclinicaljojosetting.jojoThisjojofunctio
naljojostatusojscorej o couldj o bej o usedj o toj o determinej o thej o treatmentj o planj o toj o promotej o orj o m
