NR-222 Exam Questions And Answers.
Health - State of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning within developmental context
Adaptation and reaction to environment
Health promotion - the concept is to promote healthy living. The model details individual characteristics and
experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, as well as behavior outcomes. The end result is a
commitment to a plan of action or health promoting behaviors. This model adapts as an individual develops over
a life time.
Illness - Composed of the subjective experience of individual and physical manifestation of disease
Disease - Failure of a person's adaptive mechanisms
Results in functional or structural disturbances
Models of health - Clinical model
Role performance model
Adaptive model
Eudaemonistic model
Clinical model - In the clinical model, health is defined by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease and
illness is defined by the presence of signs and symptoms of disease.
Role performance model - The role performance model of health defines health in terms of individuals' ability to
perform social roles. Role performance includes work, family, and social roles, with performance based on
societal expectations.
Adaptive model - In the adaptive model of health, people's ability to adjust positively to social, mental, and
physiological change is the measure of their health. Illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes
maladaptive to these changes.
Eudaimonistic - In the eudaimonistic model, exuberant well-being indicates optimal health. This model
emphasizes the interactions between physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the
environment that contribute to goal attainment and create meaning. Illness is reflected by a denervation or
languishing, a lack of involvement with life. A
Health beliefs-internal variables - Developmental stage
Intellectual Background
Perception of Functioning
Emotional Factors
Spiritual Factors
Health beliefs-external variables - Family practices
Socioeconomic factors
Cultural background
Healthy People 2020 - 4 Overarching goals:
1. Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
Healthy People 2020 (LHI)-Leading Health Indicators - For example, under the Tobacco topic, one LHI is listed
, as "Adults who are current cigarette smokers" (USDHHS, 2016a, para. 13). Cigarette smoking, as you will
explore later, is "the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States"
(USDHHS, 2016b, para. 1).
Levels of prevention - Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary - The goal of primary prevention is to stop illness or injury before it happens. For instance, antismoking
laws are a form of primary prevention, as are immunizations, seat belts, sunscreen, and nursing education about
health promotion, nutrition, and safety.
Secondary - Secondary prevention prevents an existing illness or injury condition from becoming worse. For
example, heart attack patients are prescribed an aspirin a day to reduce their chance of further heart problems.
Another secondary prevention measure is screening to detect a disease of which an individual is unaware of
having, such as breast cancer, diabetes, or colon cancer. Detecting the disease allows for treatment and hopefully
prevents worsening of the condition.
Tertiary - After an injury has been treated or an illness enters a chronic phase, tertiary prevention prevents the
lasting effects of the condition or tries to lessen their impact. For example, a recovering stroke patient will need
rehabilitation and physical therapy to strengthen and condition the individual to live with his or her new
disabilities.
Risk factors - Variables that increase the vulnerability of an individual or a group to an illness or accident
Risk factors include:
Genetic and physiological factors
Age
Environment
Lifestyle
Nursing Roles - Advocate
Care manager
Consultant
Deliverer of services
Educator
Communicator
Researcher
Benner - Benner's stages of nursing proficiency:
Novice
Advanced beginner
Competent
Proficient
Expert
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) - Conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making
decisions about the care of individual patients
Models of Health: Transtheoretical Model - Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Maslow's - Used to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs. The concept is about human basic
needs. Self-actualization is the goal to achieve. Starting at the base of the pyramid is the same for everyone.
Health - State of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning within developmental context
Adaptation and reaction to environment
Health promotion - the concept is to promote healthy living. The model details individual characteristics and
experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, as well as behavior outcomes. The end result is a
commitment to a plan of action or health promoting behaviors. This model adapts as an individual develops over
a life time.
Illness - Composed of the subjective experience of individual and physical manifestation of disease
Disease - Failure of a person's adaptive mechanisms
Results in functional or structural disturbances
Models of health - Clinical model
Role performance model
Adaptive model
Eudaemonistic model
Clinical model - In the clinical model, health is defined by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease and
illness is defined by the presence of signs and symptoms of disease.
Role performance model - The role performance model of health defines health in terms of individuals' ability to
perform social roles. Role performance includes work, family, and social roles, with performance based on
societal expectations.
Adaptive model - In the adaptive model of health, people's ability to adjust positively to social, mental, and
physiological change is the measure of their health. Illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes
maladaptive to these changes.
Eudaimonistic - In the eudaimonistic model, exuberant well-being indicates optimal health. This model
emphasizes the interactions between physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the
environment that contribute to goal attainment and create meaning. Illness is reflected by a denervation or
languishing, a lack of involvement with life. A
Health beliefs-internal variables - Developmental stage
Intellectual Background
Perception of Functioning
Emotional Factors
Spiritual Factors
Health beliefs-external variables - Family practices
Socioeconomic factors
Cultural background
Healthy People 2020 - 4 Overarching goals:
1. Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
Healthy People 2020 (LHI)-Leading Health Indicators - For example, under the Tobacco topic, one LHI is listed
, as "Adults who are current cigarette smokers" (USDHHS, 2016a, para. 13). Cigarette smoking, as you will
explore later, is "the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States"
(USDHHS, 2016b, para. 1).
Levels of prevention - Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary - The goal of primary prevention is to stop illness or injury before it happens. For instance, antismoking
laws are a form of primary prevention, as are immunizations, seat belts, sunscreen, and nursing education about
health promotion, nutrition, and safety.
Secondary - Secondary prevention prevents an existing illness or injury condition from becoming worse. For
example, heart attack patients are prescribed an aspirin a day to reduce their chance of further heart problems.
Another secondary prevention measure is screening to detect a disease of which an individual is unaware of
having, such as breast cancer, diabetes, or colon cancer. Detecting the disease allows for treatment and hopefully
prevents worsening of the condition.
Tertiary - After an injury has been treated or an illness enters a chronic phase, tertiary prevention prevents the
lasting effects of the condition or tries to lessen their impact. For example, a recovering stroke patient will need
rehabilitation and physical therapy to strengthen and condition the individual to live with his or her new
disabilities.
Risk factors - Variables that increase the vulnerability of an individual or a group to an illness or accident
Risk factors include:
Genetic and physiological factors
Age
Environment
Lifestyle
Nursing Roles - Advocate
Care manager
Consultant
Deliverer of services
Educator
Communicator
Researcher
Benner - Benner's stages of nursing proficiency:
Novice
Advanced beginner
Competent
Proficient
Expert
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) - Conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making
decisions about the care of individual patients
Models of Health: Transtheoretical Model - Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Maslow's - Used to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs. The concept is about human basic
needs. Self-actualization is the goal to achieve. Starting at the base of the pyramid is the same for everyone.
