WGU D094 Ed Psych Exam with Questions &
Answers 100% Correct| Newest Update 2025
Vygotsky's Theory - ✔✔A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture
and social interaction guide cognitive development - learning occurs from social
interaction
zone of proximal development - ✔✔In Vygotsky's theory, the range between
children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge - The level of
development just above where a learner is currently functioning
social speech - ✔✔speech directed toward another person and meant to be
understood by that person
private speech - ✔✔speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves
Vygotsky vs. Piaget - ✔✔Vygotsky says language is a big impactor on learning.
Erickson's stages - ✔✔trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame/doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
,Trust vs. Mistrust - ✔✔0-12m. Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants
learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - ✔✔1-3y. Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns
to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt - ✔✔3-6y. Erikson's third stage in which the child finds
independence in planning, playing and other activities. Failure to do so causes guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority - ✔✔6-12y. Erikson's stage when child begins to compare
themselves with their peers to see how they measure up. Develop a sense of pride and
accomplishment in their schoolwork. If children do not learn to get along with others or
have negative experiences at home or with peers, an inferiority complex might develop
into adolescence and adulthood.
identity vs. role confusion - ✔✔12-18. Erikson's stage during which teenagers and
young adults search for and become their true selves.
Intimacy vs. Isolation - ✔✔20-40. Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply
personal relationships, marry, begin families - failure to do so means they struggle in
relationships.
Kamal proudly told his father that he got a gold star on his spelling test at school today
because he was the only student to spell all the words correctly.
Which of Erikson's stages does this suggest that Kamal is currently passing? -
✔✔industry vs inferiority
An infant who looks to a caregiver for reassurance illustrates Erikson's stage of -
✔✔trust vs mistrust
,Toddlers and young children are learning to take control of their surroundings and must
be nurtured, not stifled - what stage is this? - ✔✔autonomy vs shame/doubt
Preschoolers are learning to engage on their own terms with their environment. When
appropriately reinforced, they develop healthy self-confidence. - what stage is this? -
✔✔Initiative vs. Guilt
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory - main idea - ✔✔behavior, environment, and
person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development
Bandura's 3 Models - ✔✔Live, Verbal, Symbolic
Bandura - Live model - ✔✔demo or model shown
Bandura - verbal model - ✔✔action is described
Bandura - Symbolic model - ✔✔behavior is modeled through characters
vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment - ✔✔seeing others reinforced or
punished (respectively) for certain behaviors influences how the viewer behaves
observational learning - ✔✔learning by observing others; also called social learning
A teacher has discovered one of her fourth-grade students writing obscene words with
chalk on the playground. The teacher is surprised because this student is one of the
quietest and most well-behaved children in class.
, Which explanation most closely fits Bandura's theories? - ✔✔Bandura would argue
that the student viewed another child's aggressive behavior, observed that it got a
laugh, and copied it in order to get the same response. This is known as vicarious
reinforcement.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development - ✔✔preconventional, conventional,
postconventional
Preconventional - ✔✔Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and
punishments dominate moral thinking
obedience and punishment orientation - ✔✔Pre-conventional Stage of Kohlberg's
Moral Theory STAGE 1
Infancy
No difference between doing the right thing and avoiding punishment
This stage focuses on the child's desire to obey rules and avoid being punished. For
example, an action is perceived as morally wrong because the perpetrator is punished;
the worse the punishment for the act is, the more "bad" the act is perceived to be.
instrumental orientation - ✔✔stage 2, in which moral reasoning is based on the aim
of looking out for one's own needs
"what's in it for me?" position, in which right behavior is defined by whatever the
individual believes to be in his or her best interest. Stage 2 reasoning shows a limited
interest in the needs of others, only to the point where it might further the individual's
own interests. As a result, concern for others is not based on loyalty or intrinsic respect,
but rather a "you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours" mentality. An example would
be when a child is asked by his or her parents to do a chore. The child asks "what's in it
for me?" and the parents offer the child an incentive by giving him or her an allowance.
Answers 100% Correct| Newest Update 2025
Vygotsky's Theory - ✔✔A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture
and social interaction guide cognitive development - learning occurs from social
interaction
zone of proximal development - ✔✔In Vygotsky's theory, the range between
children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge - The level of
development just above where a learner is currently functioning
social speech - ✔✔speech directed toward another person and meant to be
understood by that person
private speech - ✔✔speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves
Vygotsky vs. Piaget - ✔✔Vygotsky says language is a big impactor on learning.
Erickson's stages - ✔✔trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame/doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
,Trust vs. Mistrust - ✔✔0-12m. Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants
learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - ✔✔1-3y. Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns
to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt - ✔✔3-6y. Erikson's third stage in which the child finds
independence in planning, playing and other activities. Failure to do so causes guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority - ✔✔6-12y. Erikson's stage when child begins to compare
themselves with their peers to see how they measure up. Develop a sense of pride and
accomplishment in their schoolwork. If children do not learn to get along with others or
have negative experiences at home or with peers, an inferiority complex might develop
into adolescence and adulthood.
identity vs. role confusion - ✔✔12-18. Erikson's stage during which teenagers and
young adults search for and become their true selves.
Intimacy vs. Isolation - ✔✔20-40. Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply
personal relationships, marry, begin families - failure to do so means they struggle in
relationships.
Kamal proudly told his father that he got a gold star on his spelling test at school today
because he was the only student to spell all the words correctly.
Which of Erikson's stages does this suggest that Kamal is currently passing? -
✔✔industry vs inferiority
An infant who looks to a caregiver for reassurance illustrates Erikson's stage of -
✔✔trust vs mistrust
,Toddlers and young children are learning to take control of their surroundings and must
be nurtured, not stifled - what stage is this? - ✔✔autonomy vs shame/doubt
Preschoolers are learning to engage on their own terms with their environment. When
appropriately reinforced, they develop healthy self-confidence. - what stage is this? -
✔✔Initiative vs. Guilt
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory - main idea - ✔✔behavior, environment, and
person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development
Bandura's 3 Models - ✔✔Live, Verbal, Symbolic
Bandura - Live model - ✔✔demo or model shown
Bandura - verbal model - ✔✔action is described
Bandura - Symbolic model - ✔✔behavior is modeled through characters
vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment - ✔✔seeing others reinforced or
punished (respectively) for certain behaviors influences how the viewer behaves
observational learning - ✔✔learning by observing others; also called social learning
A teacher has discovered one of her fourth-grade students writing obscene words with
chalk on the playground. The teacher is surprised because this student is one of the
quietest and most well-behaved children in class.
, Which explanation most closely fits Bandura's theories? - ✔✔Bandura would argue
that the student viewed another child's aggressive behavior, observed that it got a
laugh, and copied it in order to get the same response. This is known as vicarious
reinforcement.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development - ✔✔preconventional, conventional,
postconventional
Preconventional - ✔✔Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and
punishments dominate moral thinking
obedience and punishment orientation - ✔✔Pre-conventional Stage of Kohlberg's
Moral Theory STAGE 1
Infancy
No difference between doing the right thing and avoiding punishment
This stage focuses on the child's desire to obey rules and avoid being punished. For
example, an action is perceived as morally wrong because the perpetrator is punished;
the worse the punishment for the act is, the more "bad" the act is perceived to be.
instrumental orientation - ✔✔stage 2, in which moral reasoning is based on the aim
of looking out for one's own needs
"what's in it for me?" position, in which right behavior is defined by whatever the
individual believes to be in his or her best interest. Stage 2 reasoning shows a limited
interest in the needs of others, only to the point where it might further the individual's
own interests. As a result, concern for others is not based on loyalty or intrinsic respect,
but rather a "you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours" mentality. An example would
be when a child is asked by his or her parents to do a chore. The child asks "what's in it
for me?" and the parents offer the child an incentive by giving him or her an allowance.
