Biological Anthropology Exam 3 UPDATED
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What Species are closest related to humans? - CORRECT ANSWER - Bonobos and
Chimpanzees
Derived hominoid traits - CORRECT ANSWER - -Larger brain
-Loss of tail
-Long arms
-Broad thorax
Derived human traits - CORRECT ANSWER - -Obligately bipedal
-Small canines
-Large brains
-Broad dietary niche and tool use
-Extended time to mature
Anagenetic model of human evolution vs. Cladogenetic model of human evolution - CORRECT
ANSWER - Anagenetic model suggests that there was one single split (human lineage)
This theory is NOT likely.
Cladogenetic model suggests that our characteristics appeared at various different times in
several branches. This theory is more likely.
Features related to bipedalism:Foramen magnum orientation and position - CORRECT
ANSWER - In humans the Foramen magnum is located more towards the center vs. the
back like in animals. (shifted anteriorly and positioned more superiorly)
Features related to bipedalism: Cervical and Lumbar Lordosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
There are 2 lordotic (posteriorly facing) curves in the human spine and 1 kyphotic (anteriorly
facing) curve, Chimps have none
,Features related to bipedalism: Valgus knee/Bicondylar angle - CORRECT ANSWER -
Our femurs are angled, which gives us the ability to pull our knees under our body.
Features related to bipedalism: Pelvis shape - CORRECT ANSWER - ;short broad ilium
rotated into the sagittal plane
Chimps have a longer ilium that rotates into the coronal plane. Humans have a broad and short
Ilium that rotates into the sagittal plane.
Features related to bipedalism: Gluteal muscle actions on the lower extremity - CORRECT
ANSWER - "Hip stabilizing mechanism" Humans use hip extender muscles to stabilize
the torso, muscles are rotated with pelvis
Features related to bipedalism: Divergent vs. non divergent hallux - CORRECT
ANSWER - "Foot shape and function" Chimps have a divergent hallux (weight distributed
throughout entire foot). Humans have a non divergent hallux (weight distributed into arches of
the foot).
Features related to bipedalism: Arches of the foot - CORRECT ANSWER - This makes
humans footprint and way of walking extremely unique.
Canine honing complex - CORRECT ANSWER - Humans have very small, non
dimorphic canines, exant nonhuman anthropoids have a functional complex that sharpens the
canines that weaponizes them. The first mandibular premolar is "sectorial" in chimps. The
humans is not.
Life History (5 stages) - CORRECT ANSWER - The way we break up the human lifetime
into milestones. It evolves like any other trait.
-Infancy
-Childhood
-Juvenile
-Adolescent
, -Adult
Infancy - CORRECT ANSWER - Period from birth to weaning. Lasts on average 3-4
years.
Childhood - CORRECT ANSWER - Period between weaning and the eruption of M1.
Even though you are weaning, you are still incapable of fending for yourself. Its is a critical
period for brain development and social learning.
Juvenile - CORRECT ANSWER - Period between the eruption of M1 and puberty.
Durning this time humans grow in size and engage in lots of socialization and learning. The
female milestone is manarche and the male milestone is the first ejaculation.
Adolescent - CORRECT ANSWER - Period between sexual maturity and physical
maturity. Even though capable of being a parent, the body does not cease growth. During this
time the body experiences many changes such as growing underarm hair etc.
Adulthood - CORRECT ANSWER - Get a job, work, eat, sleep, etc.... Ends for women
when they start menopause.
Weaning - CORRECT ANSWER - Marks the time when you lose dependency on your
mother for nutrition. Happens on average at age 3-4. Human milk is low in fat and protein which
means babies have to be fed more often.
Lactational amenorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER - Ovulation is suppressed during nursing,
this leads to an average 4 year inter birth interval.
Senescence - CORRECT ANSWER - The condition or process of deterioration with age.
A loss of a cell's power of division and growth.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What Species are closest related to humans? - CORRECT ANSWER - Bonobos and
Chimpanzees
Derived hominoid traits - CORRECT ANSWER - -Larger brain
-Loss of tail
-Long arms
-Broad thorax
Derived human traits - CORRECT ANSWER - -Obligately bipedal
-Small canines
-Large brains
-Broad dietary niche and tool use
-Extended time to mature
Anagenetic model of human evolution vs. Cladogenetic model of human evolution - CORRECT
ANSWER - Anagenetic model suggests that there was one single split (human lineage)
This theory is NOT likely.
Cladogenetic model suggests that our characteristics appeared at various different times in
several branches. This theory is more likely.
Features related to bipedalism:Foramen magnum orientation and position - CORRECT
ANSWER - In humans the Foramen magnum is located more towards the center vs. the
back like in animals. (shifted anteriorly and positioned more superiorly)
Features related to bipedalism: Cervical and Lumbar Lordosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
There are 2 lordotic (posteriorly facing) curves in the human spine and 1 kyphotic (anteriorly
facing) curve, Chimps have none
,Features related to bipedalism: Valgus knee/Bicondylar angle - CORRECT ANSWER -
Our femurs are angled, which gives us the ability to pull our knees under our body.
Features related to bipedalism: Pelvis shape - CORRECT ANSWER - ;short broad ilium
rotated into the sagittal plane
Chimps have a longer ilium that rotates into the coronal plane. Humans have a broad and short
Ilium that rotates into the sagittal plane.
Features related to bipedalism: Gluteal muscle actions on the lower extremity - CORRECT
ANSWER - "Hip stabilizing mechanism" Humans use hip extender muscles to stabilize
the torso, muscles are rotated with pelvis
Features related to bipedalism: Divergent vs. non divergent hallux - CORRECT
ANSWER - "Foot shape and function" Chimps have a divergent hallux (weight distributed
throughout entire foot). Humans have a non divergent hallux (weight distributed into arches of
the foot).
Features related to bipedalism: Arches of the foot - CORRECT ANSWER - This makes
humans footprint and way of walking extremely unique.
Canine honing complex - CORRECT ANSWER - Humans have very small, non
dimorphic canines, exant nonhuman anthropoids have a functional complex that sharpens the
canines that weaponizes them. The first mandibular premolar is "sectorial" in chimps. The
humans is not.
Life History (5 stages) - CORRECT ANSWER - The way we break up the human lifetime
into milestones. It evolves like any other trait.
-Infancy
-Childhood
-Juvenile
-Adolescent
, -Adult
Infancy - CORRECT ANSWER - Period from birth to weaning. Lasts on average 3-4
years.
Childhood - CORRECT ANSWER - Period between weaning and the eruption of M1.
Even though you are weaning, you are still incapable of fending for yourself. Its is a critical
period for brain development and social learning.
Juvenile - CORRECT ANSWER - Period between the eruption of M1 and puberty.
Durning this time humans grow in size and engage in lots of socialization and learning. The
female milestone is manarche and the male milestone is the first ejaculation.
Adolescent - CORRECT ANSWER - Period between sexual maturity and physical
maturity. Even though capable of being a parent, the body does not cease growth. During this
time the body experiences many changes such as growing underarm hair etc.
Adulthood - CORRECT ANSWER - Get a job, work, eat, sleep, etc.... Ends for women
when they start menopause.
Weaning - CORRECT ANSWER - Marks the time when you lose dependency on your
mother for nutrition. Happens on average at age 3-4. Human milk is low in fat and protein which
means babies have to be fed more often.
Lactational amenorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER - Ovulation is suppressed during nursing,
this leads to an average 4 year inter birth interval.
Senescence - CORRECT ANSWER - The condition or process of deterioration with age.
A loss of a cell's power of division and growth.
