BIOD 102 Final Exam (Latest update 2024 ) (QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)
What is homeostasis - ANSWER-The tendency to maintain an equilibrium
or set point, among interdependent physiological processes despite
environmental changes.
Absorption - ANSWER-The process of a drug moving from its site of
administration to the target area, crossing one or more body membranes
Active Surveillance - ANSWER-Health officers or other public health
officials execute procedures to gather pertinent health data. Advantage -
greater level of accuracy. Disadvantage - more man power, more
expensive.
Passive Surveillance - ANSWER-Techniques in which data reporting is
mandated or requested. Existing data is identified , counted and reported.
Advantage - easy and inexpensive. Disadvantage - providers may not
submit detailed reports.
Which sequence immediately stops transcription - ANSWER-
Polyadenylation Sequence
,Excitatory neurotransmitters ____ the electrical threshold by increasing
electrical excitability of ____ cells, allowing action potentials to be
propagated more quickly. - ANSWER-Decrease, post-synaptic
What are the two main ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the
synapse? - ANSWER-Inactivating enzymes and reuptake via
neurotransmitter transport channels.
Chemoreceptors - ANSWER-Restore homeostasis through negative
feedback, but they do not communicate with the hypothalamus as they are
reflexive.
Post-Marketing Phase - ANSWER-Phase of drug development process
covers expansive groups of people with diverse medical backgrounds as
adverse effects may not appear until larger numbers of people begin
taking a drug.
Preclinical Phase - ANSWER-Exhaustive laboratory work, 1-3 years long.
Cells are grown in culture and the candidate drug is tested to look for
potential harms. Animal testing would occur now.
,Clinical Investigation Phase - ANSWER-2-10 years long. Pharmacologists
gather data , important in identifying adverse SE and possibility that
developing drug may worsen other conditions. Clinical trials occur during
this phase.
New Drug Approval Phase - ANSWER-Formal review process conducted by
a specialized branch of the FDA. 2 months - 7 years. Clinical data is
examined. If the drug has reasonable benefit it can continue to post
marketing studies.
Epidemiological Triad - ANSWER-Focuses on interactions among host,
agent, and environment.
Initiation stage of translation - ANSWER-Involves binding of the small
ribosomal skin it with mature mRNA
Termination Phase of Translation - ANSWER-Broken down into 3 steps -
binding of a releasing factor, liberation of the completed polypeptide
chain, and disassembly of the translation initiation complex.
Elongation Phase of Translation - ANSWER-Moves 5' to 3'
, Silent Substitution - ANSWER-Occur becuase of the redundancy of the
genetic code
Point Mutation - ANSWER-Occur when a single nucleotide is changed
within a gene
Frameshift Mutation - ANSWER-Can have three different outcomes arising
from the alteration of the triplet-codon reading frame.
Insertion Mutation - ANSWER-Occurs from the gain of nucleotides within a
gene
Endocrine Signaling - ANSWER-Long-term signaling that regulates blood
pressure, blood volume and energy metabolism.
Autocrine Signaling - ANSWER-Local signaling where the ligand is not
transported trough the blood but instead diffuses across a short
distance.
What is homeostasis - ANSWER-The tendency to maintain an equilibrium
or set point, among interdependent physiological processes despite
environmental changes.
Absorption - ANSWER-The process of a drug moving from its site of
administration to the target area, crossing one or more body membranes
Active Surveillance - ANSWER-Health officers or other public health
officials execute procedures to gather pertinent health data. Advantage -
greater level of accuracy. Disadvantage - more man power, more
expensive.
Passive Surveillance - ANSWER-Techniques in which data reporting is
mandated or requested. Existing data is identified , counted and reported.
Advantage - easy and inexpensive. Disadvantage - providers may not
submit detailed reports.
Which sequence immediately stops transcription - ANSWER-
Polyadenylation Sequence
,Excitatory neurotransmitters ____ the electrical threshold by increasing
electrical excitability of ____ cells, allowing action potentials to be
propagated more quickly. - ANSWER-Decrease, post-synaptic
What are the two main ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the
synapse? - ANSWER-Inactivating enzymes and reuptake via
neurotransmitter transport channels.
Chemoreceptors - ANSWER-Restore homeostasis through negative
feedback, but they do not communicate with the hypothalamus as they are
reflexive.
Post-Marketing Phase - ANSWER-Phase of drug development process
covers expansive groups of people with diverse medical backgrounds as
adverse effects may not appear until larger numbers of people begin
taking a drug.
Preclinical Phase - ANSWER-Exhaustive laboratory work, 1-3 years long.
Cells are grown in culture and the candidate drug is tested to look for
potential harms. Animal testing would occur now.
,Clinical Investigation Phase - ANSWER-2-10 years long. Pharmacologists
gather data , important in identifying adverse SE and possibility that
developing drug may worsen other conditions. Clinical trials occur during
this phase.
New Drug Approval Phase - ANSWER-Formal review process conducted by
a specialized branch of the FDA. 2 months - 7 years. Clinical data is
examined. If the drug has reasonable benefit it can continue to post
marketing studies.
Epidemiological Triad - ANSWER-Focuses on interactions among host,
agent, and environment.
Initiation stage of translation - ANSWER-Involves binding of the small
ribosomal skin it with mature mRNA
Termination Phase of Translation - ANSWER-Broken down into 3 steps -
binding of a releasing factor, liberation of the completed polypeptide
chain, and disassembly of the translation initiation complex.
Elongation Phase of Translation - ANSWER-Moves 5' to 3'
, Silent Substitution - ANSWER-Occur becuase of the redundancy of the
genetic code
Point Mutation - ANSWER-Occur when a single nucleotide is changed
within a gene
Frameshift Mutation - ANSWER-Can have three different outcomes arising
from the alteration of the triplet-codon reading frame.
Insertion Mutation - ANSWER-Occurs from the gain of nucleotides within a
gene
Endocrine Signaling - ANSWER-Long-term signaling that regulates blood
pressure, blood volume and energy metabolism.
Autocrine Signaling - ANSWER-Local signaling where the ligand is not
transported trough the blood but instead diffuses across a short
distance.
