PSYC 140 Psychology Module 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Exam (Latest update
2024 ) Portage Learning (QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)
attribution theory - ANSWER-suggests how we explain someone's behavior—by
crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
causal attributions - ANSWER-explanations used to show causes for an
event/behavior
locus of causality - ANSWER-internal vs external attributions
internal attribution - ANSWER-caused by something about the person
external attribution - ANSWER-caused by something about the situation
stable attribution - ANSWER-event/behavior is more likely to repeat itself in same
situation
unstable attribution - ANSWER-event/behavior is temporary and not likely to
repeat itself
,entity theorists - ANSWER-people who tend to see personal characteristics (e.g.
intelligence, personality) as stable
incremental theorists - ANSWER-people who tend to see personal characteristics
as unstable and changeable
fixed mindset - ANSWER-the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that
cannot change, similar to trait-like or entity
growth mindset - ANSWER-the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that
we can cultivate and grow, similar to state-like or incremental
covariation principle - ANSWER-people explain events in terms of things that are
present when the event occurs but absent when it does not
correspondent inference - ANSWER-aka fundamental attribution error, tendency
to make internal attributions for others' behavior
ex. someone cutting you off would be attributed to them being a bad person rather
than being in a rush or etc.
Ross et al. (1977) quiz show study - ANSWER-- randomly assigned participants to
role of host/contestant
,- believed the host asking the question was more intelligent than the contestant
being asked
cultural differences (collectivistic cultures, low SES) - ANSWER-- collectivist
cultures: make more external attributions
- individualist cultures: make more internal attributions
problems with looking to experts - ANSWER-- sometimes people lie
- people are often wrong and overconfident
problems with figuring it out yourself - ANSWER-- our perspective is limited
- we fall victim to the confirmation bias
- we fall victim to the hindsight bias
- we might alter the phenomenon by observing it
theory-hypothesis-research cycle - ANSWER-systematic set of stages meant to
answer a research question
theory - ANSWER-an explanation for how and why variables are related to each
other
hypothesis - ANSWER-a specific prediction that derives from the theory
, research - ANSWER-a process of making observations to test hypotheses
correlational methods - ANSWER-tests and measures the association between two
or more variables
correlation coefficient - ANSWER-an expression of the strength and direction of a
relation between two variables
third variable problem - ANSWER-an outside variable that is responsible for the
association of two other variables
longitudinal study - ANSWER-two or more variables are measured repeatedly over
time
experimental methods - ANSWER-- researcher takes active control, manipulating 1
or more variables and randomly assigning participants to conditions
- involves an independent variable, dependent variable, random assignment, and
manipulation of IV
independent variable - ANSWER-a variable the researcher manipulates
2024 ) Portage Learning (QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)
attribution theory - ANSWER-suggests how we explain someone's behavior—by
crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
causal attributions - ANSWER-explanations used to show causes for an
event/behavior
locus of causality - ANSWER-internal vs external attributions
internal attribution - ANSWER-caused by something about the person
external attribution - ANSWER-caused by something about the situation
stable attribution - ANSWER-event/behavior is more likely to repeat itself in same
situation
unstable attribution - ANSWER-event/behavior is temporary and not likely to
repeat itself
,entity theorists - ANSWER-people who tend to see personal characteristics (e.g.
intelligence, personality) as stable
incremental theorists - ANSWER-people who tend to see personal characteristics
as unstable and changeable
fixed mindset - ANSWER-the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that
cannot change, similar to trait-like or entity
growth mindset - ANSWER-the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that
we can cultivate and grow, similar to state-like or incremental
covariation principle - ANSWER-people explain events in terms of things that are
present when the event occurs but absent when it does not
correspondent inference - ANSWER-aka fundamental attribution error, tendency
to make internal attributions for others' behavior
ex. someone cutting you off would be attributed to them being a bad person rather
than being in a rush or etc.
Ross et al. (1977) quiz show study - ANSWER-- randomly assigned participants to
role of host/contestant
,- believed the host asking the question was more intelligent than the contestant
being asked
cultural differences (collectivistic cultures, low SES) - ANSWER-- collectivist
cultures: make more external attributions
- individualist cultures: make more internal attributions
problems with looking to experts - ANSWER-- sometimes people lie
- people are often wrong and overconfident
problems with figuring it out yourself - ANSWER-- our perspective is limited
- we fall victim to the confirmation bias
- we fall victim to the hindsight bias
- we might alter the phenomenon by observing it
theory-hypothesis-research cycle - ANSWER-systematic set of stages meant to
answer a research question
theory - ANSWER-an explanation for how and why variables are related to each
other
hypothesis - ANSWER-a specific prediction that derives from the theory
, research - ANSWER-a process of making observations to test hypotheses
correlational methods - ANSWER-tests and measures the association between two
or more variables
correlation coefficient - ANSWER-an expression of the strength and direction of a
relation between two variables
third variable problem - ANSWER-an outside variable that is responsible for the
association of two other variables
longitudinal study - ANSWER-two or more variables are measured repeatedly over
time
experimental methods - ANSWER-- researcher takes active control, manipulating 1
or more variables and randomly assigning participants to conditions
- involves an independent variable, dependent variable, random assignment, and
manipulation of IV
independent variable - ANSWER-a variable the researcher manipulates
