SLCC Pathophysiology Exam 1 UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER - Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of
internal balance
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - Increased size of cell
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - Replacement of one cell type with another that can
better endure stress but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape
or appearance, precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - CORRECT ANSWER - Three mechanisms of cellular injury
Free Radical Injury - CORRECT ANSWER - Highly reactive chemical molecules with an
unpaired electron in their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules > cell
damage; cancers; other disease states result.
,Hypoxic Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWER - cellular oxygen deprivation.
Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to
the tissue > inflammatory response
Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER - Ca++ is an
important signalling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside
the cell and many cell structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER - Causes impaired cell function but NOT
DEATH. Body can repair itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time
before cell death results
Water
Lipids
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER - Three types of reversible cell injury
Water - CORRECT ANSWER - abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+] pump.
Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular swelling. Usually
due to hypoxic injury.
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER - Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result. Fatty
changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed with dietary
changes.
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER - Abnormal amounts of?
,builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump.
Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of cellular
enzymes > damages cell internally.
Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane
maintains integrity, cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response.
8-10 days - CORRECT ANSWER - How long do WBCs live?
3 months - CORRECT ANSWER - How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity,
cell contents released into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - CORRECT ANSWER - Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened
each replication. When too short cell dies
elasticity - CORRECT ANSWER - Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high blood
pressure
Bowel - CORRECT ANSWER - Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
Muscle mass - CORRECT ANSWER - Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders, etc. >
muscle weakness, problems with balance
, subcutaneous fat - CORRECT ANSWER - Loss of __________________ ________ due
to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating temperature, and
skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER - Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed
for tissue repair. Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - CORRECT ANSWER - Organs of the immune system
Thymus Gland - CORRECT ANSWER - Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER - Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER - Line blood vessels, releases products that
vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood vessels,
control inflammatory mediators
Platelets - CORRECT ANSWER - Thrombocytes- responsible for blood
coagulation/clotting. Release over 300 potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER - White blood cells, major cellular component of
inflammatory response. Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Higher then normal production of WBCs.
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER - Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of
internal balance
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - Increased size of cell
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - Replacement of one cell type with another that can
better endure stress but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape
or appearance, precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - CORRECT ANSWER - Three mechanisms of cellular injury
Free Radical Injury - CORRECT ANSWER - Highly reactive chemical molecules with an
unpaired electron in their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules > cell
damage; cancers; other disease states result.
,Hypoxic Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWER - cellular oxygen deprivation.
Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to
the tissue > inflammatory response
Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER - Ca++ is an
important signalling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside
the cell and many cell structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER - Causes impaired cell function but NOT
DEATH. Body can repair itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time
before cell death results
Water
Lipids
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER - Three types of reversible cell injury
Water - CORRECT ANSWER - abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+] pump.
Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular swelling. Usually
due to hypoxic injury.
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER - Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result. Fatty
changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed with dietary
changes.
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER - Abnormal amounts of?
,builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump.
Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of cellular
enzymes > damages cell internally.
Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane
maintains integrity, cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response.
8-10 days - CORRECT ANSWER - How long do WBCs live?
3 months - CORRECT ANSWER - How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity,
cell contents released into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - CORRECT ANSWER - Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened
each replication. When too short cell dies
elasticity - CORRECT ANSWER - Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high blood
pressure
Bowel - CORRECT ANSWER - Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
Muscle mass - CORRECT ANSWER - Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders, etc. >
muscle weakness, problems with balance
, subcutaneous fat - CORRECT ANSWER - Loss of __________________ ________ due
to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating temperature, and
skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER - Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed
for tissue repair. Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - CORRECT ANSWER - Organs of the immune system
Thymus Gland - CORRECT ANSWER - Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER - Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER - Line blood vessels, releases products that
vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood vessels,
control inflammatory mediators
Platelets - CORRECT ANSWER - Thrombocytes- responsible for blood
coagulation/clotting. Release over 300 potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER - White blood cells, major cellular component of
inflammatory response. Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Higher then normal production of WBCs.
