BMS 521 Test 3 Question and answers
100% correct
3 major classes of molecules involved in moving things across the membrane
- correct answer ✔-ATP-powered pumps
-ion channels
-transporters
*ATP hydrolysis area is in cytoplasm
ATP-powered pumps - correct answer ✔-use ATP to move one or more
things across the membrane in a thermodynamically unfavorable fashion
-least efficient
Ion channels - correct answer ✔-by far the most efficient in regard to rate of
transport, due to moving many ions per second, rushing across in a
thermodynamically favorable fashion and the interaction between what is
moving in the channel is not as great
-ligand-gated ion channels: activated by the binding of a ligand
-voltage-gated ion channels: activated by a change in voltage across the
membrane
Transporters - correct answer ✔-medium type of efficiency because there
are other things involved such as one thing coupled to another or in a
uniporter the glucose interacts with the transporter and slows things down
-uniporters: moving one thing across the membrane in a thermodynamically
favorable fashion (glucose transporters)
-symporters: moving two things across the membrane in the same direction;
one is favorable and the other is not
,-antiporters: moving two things across the membrane in opposite directions;
one is favorable and the other is not
Substrate-level phosphorylation - correct answer ✔-biochemists in the 60s
thought that all ATP in our cells came from this but in reality, there was more
energy that was available in the oxidation of glucose then what was actually
being created by this, but was ignored
-occurs during metabolism of glucose where enough energy is released so
that the ADP can be converted to ATP
Glycolysis - correct answer ✔-take glucose and oxidize it to produce CO2
and protons and electrons: C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 24H^+ + 24e^-
—use the protons and electrons ro reduce oxygen to form water: 6O2 +
24H^+ + 24e^- -> 12H2O
-during respiration we breath out CO2 and H2O and produce ATP along the
way; used to say that was coming from the lower reactions
-common to every organism on earth
-occurs in the cytoplasm or eukaryotic cells
-produce 2 ATP, 2 Peru ate molecules, and 2 NADH
Kreb's cycle - correct answer ✔-2 pyruvate molecules are converted to
citrate, so 2 reactions are occurring inside the mitochondrial matrix
-produces 4 NADH, 1 FADH, and one high energy compound (GTP but same
as ATP)
— numbers are doubled for the oxidation of glucose because cycle is going
around twice
ETC - correct answer ✔-in the matrix, NADH and FADH molecules are
picking up the electrons from the oxidation of glucose and then transport
those electrons onto the this
, -every NADH molecule is carrying 2 electrons and you can follow the
electrons as they pass from one electron carrier to the other (cytochromes),
and as they do that energy is released
—when the 2 electrons from NADH are released to eventually reduce oxygen
there is enough energy that is produced that 10 proteins can be driven across
from the matrix into the inter-membrane space and there they stay because
they can't get into the matrix due to the membrane being impermeable to them
which is why when the membrane of the mitochondria was brought in, the
proton gradient went away and ATP production was unable to go on, even
though this was still intact
-FADH2 picks its electrons up at a lower energy state so for every FADH2
molecule that dumps its electrons out into this, only 6 protons get placed into
the inter-membrane space
4 steps of leukocyte extravasation - correct answer ✔-rolling
-activation
-adhesion
-transepithelial migration
Paul Boyer - correct answer ✔-american scientist who purified the F1
fragment and showed that you could see it working
-this experiment and others demonstrated rear ATP synthetase was actually
the molecule making ATP via the proton gradient
-won the Nobel Prize in 1982 for this work
4 ways that things get across the membrane - correct answer ✔-simple
diffusion examples of molecules transported include O2, CO2, steroid
hormones, and many drugs
-facilitated diffusion or transport is thermodynamically favorable and requires a
specific protein; examples of molecules transported include glucose and
amino acids that need uniporters to do it, and ions and water that need
channels
100% correct
3 major classes of molecules involved in moving things across the membrane
- correct answer ✔-ATP-powered pumps
-ion channels
-transporters
*ATP hydrolysis area is in cytoplasm
ATP-powered pumps - correct answer ✔-use ATP to move one or more
things across the membrane in a thermodynamically unfavorable fashion
-least efficient
Ion channels - correct answer ✔-by far the most efficient in regard to rate of
transport, due to moving many ions per second, rushing across in a
thermodynamically favorable fashion and the interaction between what is
moving in the channel is not as great
-ligand-gated ion channels: activated by the binding of a ligand
-voltage-gated ion channels: activated by a change in voltage across the
membrane
Transporters - correct answer ✔-medium type of efficiency because there
are other things involved such as one thing coupled to another or in a
uniporter the glucose interacts with the transporter and slows things down
-uniporters: moving one thing across the membrane in a thermodynamically
favorable fashion (glucose transporters)
-symporters: moving two things across the membrane in the same direction;
one is favorable and the other is not
,-antiporters: moving two things across the membrane in opposite directions;
one is favorable and the other is not
Substrate-level phosphorylation - correct answer ✔-biochemists in the 60s
thought that all ATP in our cells came from this but in reality, there was more
energy that was available in the oxidation of glucose then what was actually
being created by this, but was ignored
-occurs during metabolism of glucose where enough energy is released so
that the ADP can be converted to ATP
Glycolysis - correct answer ✔-take glucose and oxidize it to produce CO2
and protons and electrons: C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 24H^+ + 24e^-
—use the protons and electrons ro reduce oxygen to form water: 6O2 +
24H^+ + 24e^- -> 12H2O
-during respiration we breath out CO2 and H2O and produce ATP along the
way; used to say that was coming from the lower reactions
-common to every organism on earth
-occurs in the cytoplasm or eukaryotic cells
-produce 2 ATP, 2 Peru ate molecules, and 2 NADH
Kreb's cycle - correct answer ✔-2 pyruvate molecules are converted to
citrate, so 2 reactions are occurring inside the mitochondrial matrix
-produces 4 NADH, 1 FADH, and one high energy compound (GTP but same
as ATP)
— numbers are doubled for the oxidation of glucose because cycle is going
around twice
ETC - correct answer ✔-in the matrix, NADH and FADH molecules are
picking up the electrons from the oxidation of glucose and then transport
those electrons onto the this
, -every NADH molecule is carrying 2 electrons and you can follow the
electrons as they pass from one electron carrier to the other (cytochromes),
and as they do that energy is released
—when the 2 electrons from NADH are released to eventually reduce oxygen
there is enough energy that is produced that 10 proteins can be driven across
from the matrix into the inter-membrane space and there they stay because
they can't get into the matrix due to the membrane being impermeable to them
which is why when the membrane of the mitochondria was brought in, the
proton gradient went away and ATP production was unable to go on, even
though this was still intact
-FADH2 picks its electrons up at a lower energy state so for every FADH2
molecule that dumps its electrons out into this, only 6 protons get placed into
the inter-membrane space
4 steps of leukocyte extravasation - correct answer ✔-rolling
-activation
-adhesion
-transepithelial migration
Paul Boyer - correct answer ✔-american scientist who purified the F1
fragment and showed that you could see it working
-this experiment and others demonstrated rear ATP synthetase was actually
the molecule making ATP via the proton gradient
-won the Nobel Prize in 1982 for this work
4 ways that things get across the membrane - correct answer ✔-simple
diffusion examples of molecules transported include O2, CO2, steroid
hormones, and many drugs
-facilitated diffusion or transport is thermodynamically favorable and requires a
specific protein; examples of molecules transported include glucose and
amino acids that need uniporters to do it, and ions and water that need
channels
