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SPHU 1020 Tulane Exam 2 Study Guide.
Virus - Answers✔Neither eukaryote or prokaryote. Set of genes packaged in a protein coat. May
be covered by a lipid membrane derived from host cell. Strictly intracellular. Either RNA or
DNA, not both.
Bacteriophage - Answers✔Viruses that have infected bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells - Answers✔Nucleated cells, mitotic division, organelles present, nuclear
membrane present, multiple chromosomes
Fungi - Answers✔Yeast and molds, mostly free-living, eukaryotic cell structure, but with rigid
cel wall, Ergosterol in cell wall (but cholesterol in animal cell walls)
Protozoa - Answers✔Single celled parasite. Hellminths are parasites too but are macroscopic
worms. Mostly free living. Sexual or asexual reproduction. Malaria or Giardia are protozoa
Prokaryotic Cells - Answers✔single cells, no nucleus or organelles, reproduce by providing in
two (binary fission), bacteria are the smallest living cells. Nucleic acid consists of single piece of
DNA. Some bacteria contain plasmids. Extrachromosomal, autonomous, self-replicating circular
pieces of DNA.
Phenotypic classification - Answers✔Gram stain, culture characteristics (hemolysis, pigment),
Biotyping (based on biochemical reaction), Serotyping (based on Ag-Ab reaction), Antibiogram
(based on pattern of antibiotic susceptibility), phase typing
Genotypic classification - Answers✔Nucleic acid based methods. Rapid ID of the organis, used
for molecular fingerprinting methods (epidemiology)
Morphology of Bacteria - Answers✔Arrangement: usually single or in chains/pairs/clusters
Special Structures: Capsules/flagella/pili/fimbriae/spores
Staining - Answers✔Gram and Acid Fast
Gram Stain - Answers✔Positive (purple)
Pink (pink)
Acid fast stain - Answers✔Acid fast (pink)
Non acid fast (blue-green)
1
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Cocci - Answers✔spherical
Bacilli - Answers✔rod or elongated
Coccobacilli - Answers✔very short rods
Sphirochaetes - Answers✔spiral or coiled
Vibrios - Answers✔curved or comma shaped
Gram Staining - Answers✔1. Crystal violet (1 min) - all purple
2. Gram's iodine (1 min) - all purple
3. Decolorize with alcohol (10 sec)
- G+ = purple
-G- = colorless
4. Counterstain with safranin (30 sec)
-G+ = Purple
-G- = Red
Wash with running water after every step
Rickettsia - Answers✔Obligate intracellular Gram negative rods which produce a distinct
category of disease.
Ex: Endemic/epidemic typhus. Rocy mountain spotted fever
Behaves more like a virus
Prokaryotic cell diagram - Answers✔
Flagella - Answers✔long coiled structures made up of the flagellin protein, responsible for
motility, chemotaxis. Antigenic
Fimbria (Pili) - Answers✔Made up of Pillin protein, thinner and more numerous, adherence
factors for the transfer of genetic material between bacteria
Eukaryotic cell structure - Answers✔
Capsular Polysaccharide - Answers✔visualized by the India ink technique, promotes adherence
to host cell surfaces and other bacteria, capsule is major virulence factor, but is poorly antigenic
EM of spore developing inside cell protective layer - Answers✔cortex, spore coat
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SPHU 1020 Tulane Exam 2 Study Guide.
Virus - Answers✔Neither eukaryote or prokaryote. Set of genes packaged in a protein coat. May
be covered by a lipid membrane derived from host cell. Strictly intracellular. Either RNA or
DNA, not both.
Bacteriophage - Answers✔Viruses that have infected bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells - Answers✔Nucleated cells, mitotic division, organelles present, nuclear
membrane present, multiple chromosomes
Fungi - Answers✔Yeast and molds, mostly free-living, eukaryotic cell structure, but with rigid
cel wall, Ergosterol in cell wall (but cholesterol in animal cell walls)
Protozoa - Answers✔Single celled parasite. Hellminths are parasites too but are macroscopic
worms. Mostly free living. Sexual or asexual reproduction. Malaria or Giardia are protozoa
Prokaryotic Cells - Answers✔single cells, no nucleus or organelles, reproduce by providing in
two (binary fission), bacteria are the smallest living cells. Nucleic acid consists of single piece of
DNA. Some bacteria contain plasmids. Extrachromosomal, autonomous, self-replicating circular
pieces of DNA.
Phenotypic classification - Answers✔Gram stain, culture characteristics (hemolysis, pigment),
Biotyping (based on biochemical reaction), Serotyping (based on Ag-Ab reaction), Antibiogram
(based on pattern of antibiotic susceptibility), phase typing
Genotypic classification - Answers✔Nucleic acid based methods. Rapid ID of the organis, used
for molecular fingerprinting methods (epidemiology)
Morphology of Bacteria - Answers✔Arrangement: usually single or in chains/pairs/clusters
Special Structures: Capsules/flagella/pili/fimbriae/spores
Staining - Answers✔Gram and Acid Fast
Gram Stain - Answers✔Positive (purple)
Pink (pink)
Acid fast stain - Answers✔Acid fast (pink)
Non acid fast (blue-green)
1
, ©FYNDLAY.
Cocci - Answers✔spherical
Bacilli - Answers✔rod or elongated
Coccobacilli - Answers✔very short rods
Sphirochaetes - Answers✔spiral or coiled
Vibrios - Answers✔curved or comma shaped
Gram Staining - Answers✔1. Crystal violet (1 min) - all purple
2. Gram's iodine (1 min) - all purple
3. Decolorize with alcohol (10 sec)
- G+ = purple
-G- = colorless
4. Counterstain with safranin (30 sec)
-G+ = Purple
-G- = Red
Wash with running water after every step
Rickettsia - Answers✔Obligate intracellular Gram negative rods which produce a distinct
category of disease.
Ex: Endemic/epidemic typhus. Rocy mountain spotted fever
Behaves more like a virus
Prokaryotic cell diagram - Answers✔
Flagella - Answers✔long coiled structures made up of the flagellin protein, responsible for
motility, chemotaxis. Antigenic
Fimbria (Pili) - Answers✔Made up of Pillin protein, thinner and more numerous, adherence
factors for the transfer of genetic material between bacteria
Eukaryotic cell structure - Answers✔
Capsular Polysaccharide - Answers✔visualized by the India ink technique, promotes adherence
to host cell surfaces and other bacteria, capsule is major virulence factor, but is poorly antigenic
EM of spore developing inside cell protective layer - Answers✔cortex, spore coat
2
