NSG 6691 Final Exam With Complete Solutions
Know critical appraisal elements of qualitative research reports. - ANSWER-
Critical appraisal of qualitative studies focuses on how the integrity of the design
and methods will affect the credibility and meaningfulness of the findings and their
usefulness in clinical practice
Qualitative research critical appraisal process consists of identifying the
components of the qualitative research process in studies, determining study
strengths and weaknesses, and evaluating the trustworthiness and meaning of
study findings
Know steps of evidence-based practice. - ANSWER-a. Ask a clinical question
b. Collect the most relevant evidence
c. Clinically appraise the evidence
d. Integrate all the evidence with one's clinical expertise, patient preferences, and
values in making a practice decision
e. Evaluate the practice decision or change
f. Share the outcome of EBP changes with others
Know measures of association and how to calculate and interpret EBP study
results (EER, CER, OR, RR, APR, RRR, ABI, RBI)
Experimental event rate EER - ANSWER-proportion of patients in experimental
treatment groups in which an event is observed
,Absolute risk reduction ARR - ANSWER-- a value that gives reduction of risk in
absolute terms. Considered the real reduction because it is the difference
between the risk observed in those who did not experience the event. Arithmetic
difference in risk of outcome between patients who have had the event and those
who have not had the event calculated as EER-CER
Control event rate CER - - ANSWER-proportion of patients in a control group in
which an event is observed
Odds ratio OR- - ANSWER-an estimate of relative risk used in logistic regression
as a measure of association; describes the probability of an event. Calculated by
dividing the odds in the treatment or exposed group by the odds in the control
group. If OR =1, there is no difference. If OR is less than 1, the event is less likely in
the treatment group than the control group. If greater than 1, the event is more
likely to occur in the treatment group than in the control group. Disease is absent
with that when it is present. (1-sensitivity)/specificity
Relative risk RR- - ANSWER-risk of event after experimental treatment as a
percentage of original risk. Probability of an event in the treatment group divided
by the probability of the event in the control group (greater the 50% definitely
clinically significant, between 25-50% probably clinically significant) RR=
EER/CER
, Positive predictive value - ANSWER-- proportion of people with s positive test who
have the target disorder. PPV=TP/(TP+FP)
Relative risk reduction - ANSWER-RRR - (1-RR). If RRR is 0, then active treatment
is neither of benefit nor harm estimate of the percentage of baseline risk that is
removed as a result of the therapy. Percent reduction in risk that is removed
after considering the percent of risk that would occur anyway (the control
group's risk). Calculated as (EER-CER)/CER
Know how to interpret measures of accuracy or outcome results (sensitivity,
specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio, odds ratio)
Sensitivity - ANSWER-- ability of the test to detect the proportion of people with
the disease or disorder of interest. TP/(TP+FN), where TP and FN are number of
true positive and false negative results
Specificity - - ANSWER-ability of the test to detect the proportion of people
without the disease or disorder. TN/(TN+FP), where TN and FP are number of
true-negative and false-positive results
Predictive value - - ANSWER-consider how well the test performs in populations
with difference prevalence of the disease it is testing
Know critical appraisal elements of qualitative research reports. - ANSWER-
Critical appraisal of qualitative studies focuses on how the integrity of the design
and methods will affect the credibility and meaningfulness of the findings and their
usefulness in clinical practice
Qualitative research critical appraisal process consists of identifying the
components of the qualitative research process in studies, determining study
strengths and weaknesses, and evaluating the trustworthiness and meaning of
study findings
Know steps of evidence-based practice. - ANSWER-a. Ask a clinical question
b. Collect the most relevant evidence
c. Clinically appraise the evidence
d. Integrate all the evidence with one's clinical expertise, patient preferences, and
values in making a practice decision
e. Evaluate the practice decision or change
f. Share the outcome of EBP changes with others
Know measures of association and how to calculate and interpret EBP study
results (EER, CER, OR, RR, APR, RRR, ABI, RBI)
Experimental event rate EER - ANSWER-proportion of patients in experimental
treatment groups in which an event is observed
,Absolute risk reduction ARR - ANSWER-- a value that gives reduction of risk in
absolute terms. Considered the real reduction because it is the difference
between the risk observed in those who did not experience the event. Arithmetic
difference in risk of outcome between patients who have had the event and those
who have not had the event calculated as EER-CER
Control event rate CER - - ANSWER-proportion of patients in a control group in
which an event is observed
Odds ratio OR- - ANSWER-an estimate of relative risk used in logistic regression
as a measure of association; describes the probability of an event. Calculated by
dividing the odds in the treatment or exposed group by the odds in the control
group. If OR =1, there is no difference. If OR is less than 1, the event is less likely in
the treatment group than the control group. If greater than 1, the event is more
likely to occur in the treatment group than in the control group. Disease is absent
with that when it is present. (1-sensitivity)/specificity
Relative risk RR- - ANSWER-risk of event after experimental treatment as a
percentage of original risk. Probability of an event in the treatment group divided
by the probability of the event in the control group (greater the 50% definitely
clinically significant, between 25-50% probably clinically significant) RR=
EER/CER
, Positive predictive value - ANSWER-- proportion of people with s positive test who
have the target disorder. PPV=TP/(TP+FP)
Relative risk reduction - ANSWER-RRR - (1-RR). If RRR is 0, then active treatment
is neither of benefit nor harm estimate of the percentage of baseline risk that is
removed as a result of the therapy. Percent reduction in risk that is removed
after considering the percent of risk that would occur anyway (the control
group's risk). Calculated as (EER-CER)/CER
Know how to interpret measures of accuracy or outcome results (sensitivity,
specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio, odds ratio)
Sensitivity - ANSWER-- ability of the test to detect the proportion of people with
the disease or disorder of interest. TP/(TP+FN), where TP and FN are number of
true positive and false negative results
Specificity - - ANSWER-ability of the test to detect the proportion of people
without the disease or disorder. TN/(TN+FP), where TN and FP are number of
true-negative and false-positive results
Predictive value - - ANSWER-consider how well the test performs in populations
with difference prevalence of the disease it is testing
