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MCB4403 Chapter 16 & 19 Exam Study Guide.

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MCB4403 Chapter 16 & 19 Exam Study Guide. External electron acceptors - AnswersMolecules like oxygen, nitrate, TMAO used in respiration. Nitrogen limitation - AnswersInsufficient nitrogen affecting metabolic processes. Phosphate limitation - AnswersInsufficient phosphate impacting cellular functions. Extracytoplasmic stress - AnswersStress from heat or chemicals denaturing proteins. Heat shock - AnswersResponse to elevated temperatures affecting protein stability. Cold shock - AnswersResponse to low temperatures affecting cellular processes. Osmotic shock - AnswersResponse to changes in solute concentration affecting cells. Aerobic respiration - AnswersEnergy production using oxygen as electron acceptor. Anaerobic respiration - AnswersEnergy production without oxygen, using alternative acceptors. Arc System - AnswersRegulates switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. ArcB - AnswersHistidine protein kinase involved in oxygen sensing. ArcA - AnswersResponse regulator activating anaerobic gene expression. Fumarate Nitrate Reduction (FNR) - AnswersRegulates genes for anaerobic respiration with nitrate. Nar System - AnswersRegulates transcription of genes for nitrate reduction. FhlA - AnswersTranscriptional regulator activating formate hydrogen lyase genes. Glutamine synthetase (GS) - AnswersEnzyme synthesizing glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. Nitrogenase - AnswersEnzyme complex converting nitrogen gas to ammonia. Amt ammonium transporters - AnswersTransport proteins for high-affinity ammonium uptake.

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©FYNDLAY.



MCB4403 Chapter 16 & 19 Exam Study
Guide.


External electron acceptors - Answers✔Molecules like oxygen, nitrate, TMAO used in
respiration.
Nitrogen limitation - Answers✔Insufficient nitrogen affecting metabolic processes.

Phosphate limitation - Answers✔Insufficient phosphate impacting cellular functions.
Extracytoplasmic stress - Answers✔Stress from heat or chemicals denaturing proteins.

Heat shock - Answers✔Response to elevated temperatures affecting protein stability.

Cold shock - Answers✔Response to low temperatures affecting cellular processes.
Osmotic shock - Answers✔Response to changes in solute concentration affecting cells.

Aerobic respiration - Answers✔Energy production using oxygen as electron acceptor.

Anaerobic respiration - Answers✔Energy production without oxygen, using alternative
acceptors.
Arc System - Answers✔Regulates switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

ArcB - Answers✔Histidine protein kinase involved in oxygen sensing.
ArcA - Answers✔Response regulator activating anaerobic gene expression.
Fumarate Nitrate Reduction (FNR) - Answers✔Regulates genes for anaerobic respiration with
nitrate.
Nar System - Answers✔Regulates transcription of genes for nitrate reduction.

FhlA - Answers✔Transcriptional regulator activating formate hydrogen lyase genes.
Glutamine synthetase (GS) - Answers✔Enzyme synthesizing glutamine from glutamate and
ammonia.
Nitrogenase - Answers✔Enzyme complex converting nitrogen gas to ammonia.
Amt ammonium transporters - Answers✔Transport proteins for high-affinity ammonium uptake.

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