Rationales Questions For Saunder
Fundamentals Questions And Correct Answers 2025
1- Nodding Or Smiling By A Japanese American Client May Reflect Only The Cultural
Value Of Interpersonal Harmony. This Nonverbal Behavior May Not Be An
Indication Of Acceptance Of The Treatment, Agreement With The Speaker, Or
Understanding Of The Procedure.
2- Arranging For An Interpreter Would Be The Best Practice When Communicating
With A Client Who Speaks A Different Language. Options 1 And 4 Are
Inappropriate And Ineffective Ways To Communicate. Option 3 Is Inappropriate
Because It Violates Privacy And Does Not Ensure Correct Translation.
3- Acculturation Is A Process Of Learning A Different Culture To Adapt To A New Or
Changing Environment. Options 1 And 3 Describe A Subculture. Option 4
Describes Ethnic Identity.
4- Most Chinese Americans Maintain A Formal Distance With Others, Which Is A
Form Of Respect. Many Chinese Americans Are Uncomfortable With Face-To-Face
Communications, Especially When Eye Contact Is Direct. If The Client Turns Away
From The Nurse During A Conversation, The Best Action Is To Continue With The
Conversation. Walking Around The Client So That The Nurse Faces The Client Is
In Direct Conflict With This Cultural Practice. The Client May Consider It A Rude
Gesture If The Nurse Returns Later To Continue With The Explanation. Telling The
Client About The Importance Of The Instructions For The Maintenance Of Health
Care May Be Viewed As Degrading.
5- In Times Of Illness, A Roman Catholic Client May Turn To Prayer For Spiritual
Support. This May Include Rosary Prayers Or Visits From A Priest, Who Is The
Spiritual Leader In The Roman Catholic Faith. Close Family Members Usually
Want To Stay With A Dying Family Member In Order To Hear The Wishes Of The
Client, Allowing The Soul To Leave In Peace. A Priest, Not A Nurse, Would
Administer The Sacrament Of The Sick. Roman Catholics Would Not Ask For The
Crucifix To Be Removed. Members Of Other Religious Groups Such As Islam Or
Judaism May Request The Removal Of The Crucifix. Dietary Rituals Are Not A
Concern At This Time
6- Because Of Their Health And Dietary Practices, Latino Americans, Native
Americans, Hispanic Americans, And African Americans Have A High Risk Of
Obesity And Diabetes Mellitus. Owing To Dietary Practices, Asian Americans Have
A Lower Risk For Obesity And Diabetes Mellitus.
7- Among Jehovah's Witnesses, Surgery Is Not Prohibited, But The Administration Of
Blood And Blood Products Is Forbidden. For A Jehovah's Witness, Administration
, Of Medication Is An Acceptable Practice Except If The Medication Is Derived From
Blood Products. This Religious Group Believes That The Soul Cannot Live After
Death. Jehovah's Witnesses Avoid Foods Prepared With Or Containing Blood.
8- Members Of Orthodox Judaism Adhere To Dietary Kosher Laws. In This Religion,
The Dairy-Meat Combination Is Unacceptable. Only Fish That Have Scales And
Fins Are Allowed; Meats That Are Allowed Include Animals That Are Vegetable
Eaters, Cloven Hoofed, And Ritually Slaughtered.
9- In The Asian American Culture, Health Is Believed To Be A State Of Physical And
Spiritual Harmony With Nature And A Balance Between Positive And Negative
Energy Forces (Yin And Yang). Yin Foods Are Cold And Yang Foods Are Hot. Cold
Foods Are Eaten When One Has A Hot Illness (Fever), And Hot Foods Are Eaten
When One Has A Cold Illness. Options 1 And 2 Are Not Health Practices
Specifically Associated With The Asian American Culture Or The Yin And Yang
Theory.
10- Complementary And Alternative Therapies Include A Wide Variety Of Treatment
Modalities That Are Used In Addition To Conventional Therapy To Treat A Disease
Or Illness. Educating The Client About Therapies That He Or She Uses Or Is
Interested In Using Is The Nurse's Role. Options 1, 2, And 4 Are Inappropriate
Actions For The Nurse To Take Because They Provide Advice To The Client.
11- Although Herbal Substances May Have Some Beneficial Effects, Not All Herbs Are
Safe To Use. Clients Who Are Being Treated With Conventional Medication
Therapy Should Be Encouraged To Avoid Herbal Substances Because The
Combination May Lead To An Excessive Reaction Or To Unknown Interaction
Effects. The Nurse Should Advise The Client To Discuss The Use Of The Herbal
Substance With The Hcp.
12- The 5 Main Categories Of Cam Include Whole Medical Systems, Mind-Body
Medicine, Biologically Based Practices, Manipulative And Body-Based Practices,
And Energy Medicine. Magnetic Therapy And Massage Therapy Are Therapies
Within Specific Categories Of Cam.
13- After A Client's Fall, The Nurse Must Frequently Reassess The Client Because
Potential Complications Do Not Always Appear Immediately After The Fall. The
Client's Fall Should Be Treated As Private Information And Shared On A "Need To
Know" Basis. Communication Regarding The Event Should Involve Only The
Individuals Participating In The Client's Care. An Incident Report Is A Problem-
Solving Document; However, Its Completion Is Not Documented In The Nurse's
Notes. If The Nursing Supervisor Has Been Made Aware Of The Incident, The
Supervisor Will Contact The Nurse If Status Update Is Necessary.
14- A Fluid Volume Excess Is Also Known As Overhydration Or Fluid Overload And
Occurs When Fluid Intake Or Fluid Retention Exceeds The Fluid Needs Of The
Body.
, Assessment Findings Associated With Fluid Volume Excess Include Cough,
Dyspnea, Crackles, Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Elevated Blood Pressure, Bounding
Pulse, Elevated Cvp, Weight Gain, Edema, Neck And Hand Vein Distention,
Altered Level Of Consciousness, And Decreased Hematocrit. Dry Skin, Flat Neck
And Hand Veins, Decreased Urinary Output, And Decreased Cvp Are Noted In
Fluid Volume Deficit. Weakness Can Be Present In Either Fluid Volume Excess Or
Deficit.
15- The Normal Serum Potassium Level Is 3.5 To 5.0 Meq/L (3.5 To 5.0 Mmol/L). A
Potassium Deficit Is Known As Hypokalemia. Potassium-Rich Gastrointestinal
Fluids Are Lost Through Gastrointestinal Suction, Placing The Client At Risk For
Hypokalemia. The Client With Tissue Damage Or Addison's Disease And The
Client With Hyperuricemia Are At Risk For Hyperkalemia. The Normal Uric Acid
Level For A Female Is 2.7 To 7.3 Mg/Dl (16 To 0.43 Mmol/L) And For A Male Is 4.0
To 8.5 Mg/Dl (0.24 To 0.51 Mmol/L). Hyperuricemia Is A Cause Of Hyperkalemia.
16- The Normal Serum Potassium Level Is 3.5 To 5.0 Meq/L (3.5 To 5.0 Mmol/L). A
Serum Potassium Level Lower Than 3.5 Meq/L (3.5 Mmol/L) Indicates
Hypokalemia. Potassium Deficit Is An Electrolyte Imbalance That Can Be
Potentially Life- Threatening. Electrocardiographic Changes Include Shallow, Flat,
Or Inverted T Waves; St Segment Depression; And Prominent U Waves. Absent P
Waves Are Not A Characteristic Of Hypokalemia But May Be Noted In A Client
With Atrial Fibrillation, Junctional Rhythms, Or Ventricular Rhythms. A Widened
Qrs Complex May Be Noted In Hyperkalemia And In Hypermagnesemia.
17- The Normal Potassium Level Is 3.5 To 5.0 Meq/L (3.5 To 5.0 Mmol/L). Common
Food Sources Of Potassium Include Avocado, Bananas, Cantaloupe, Carrots, Fish,
Mushrooms, Oranges, Potatoes, Pork, Beef, Veal, Raisins, Spinach, Strawberries,
And Tomatoes. Peas And Cauliflower Are High In Magnesium.
18- The Normal Serum Sodium Level Is 135 To 145 Meq/L (135 To 145 Mmol/L). A
Serum Sodium Level Of 150 Meq/L (150 Mmol/L) Indicates Hypernatremia. On
The Basis Of This Finding, The Nurse Would Instruct The Client To Avoid Foods
High In Sodium. Peas, Nuts, And Cauliflower Are Good Food Sources Of
Phosphorus And Are Not High In Sodium (Unless They Are Canned Or Salted).
Peas Are Also A Good Source Of Magnesium. Processed Foods Such As Cheese
And Processed Oat Cereals Are High In Sodium Content.
19- The Normal Serum Calcium Level Is 9 To 10.5 Mg/Dl (2.25 To 2.75 Mmol/L). A
Serum Calcium Level Lower Than 9 Mg/Dl (2.25 Mmol/L) Indicates Hypocalcemia.
Signs Of Hypocalcemia Include Paresthesias Followed By Numbness, Hyperactive
Deep Tendon Reflexes, And A Positive Trousseau's Or Chvostek's Sign. Additional
Signs Of Hypocalcemia Include Increased Neuromuscular Excitability, Muscle
Cramps, Twitching, Tetany, Seizures, Irritability, And Anxiety. Gastrointestinal
Symptoms Include Increased Gastric Motility, Hyperactive Bowel Sounds,
Abdominal Cramping, And Diarrhea.
20- The Normal Serum Calcium Level Is 9 To 10.5 Mg/Dl (2.25 To 2.75 Mmol/L). A
Serum Calcium Level Lower Than 9 Mg/Dl (2.25 Mmol/L) Indicates Hypocalcemia.
Electrocardiographic Changes That Occur In A Client With Hypocalcemia Include
A Prolonged Qt Interval And Prolonged St Segment. A Shortened St Segment And
A Widened T Wave Occur With Hypercalcemia. St Depression And Prominent U
Waves Occur With Hypokalemia.
, 21- The Normal Potassium Level Is 3.5 To 5.0 Meq/L (3.5 To 5.0 Mmol/L). A Serum
Potassium Level Greater Than 5.0 Meq/L (5.0 Mmol/L) Indicates Hyperkalemia.
Electrocardiographic Changes Associated With Hyperkalemia Include Flat P
Waves, Prolonged Pr Intervals, Widened Qrs Complexes, And Tall Peaked T
Waves. St Depression And A Prominent U Wave Occurs In Hypokalemia. A
Prolonged St Segment Occurs In Hypocalcemia.
22- The Normal Serum Sodium Level Is 135 To 145 Meq/L (135 To 145 Mmol/L). A
Serum Sodium Level Of 130 Meq/L (130 Mmol/L) Indicates Hyponatremia.
Hyponatremia Can Occur In The Client Taking Diuretics. The Client Taking
Corticosteroids And The Client With Hyperaldosteronism Or Cushing's Syndrome
Are At Risk For Hypernatremia.
23- The Normal Serum Sodium Level Is 135 To 145 Meq/L (135 To 145 Mmol/L).
Hyponatremia Is Evidenced By A Serum Sodium Level Lower Than 135 Meq/L
(135 Mmol/L). Hyperactive Bowel Sounds Indicate Hyponatremia. The Remaining
Options Are Signs Of Hypernatremia. In Hyponatremia, Muscle Weakness,
Increased Urinary Output, And Decreased Specific Gravity Of The Urine Would Be
Noted.
24- The Normal Serum Phosphorus (Phosphate) Level Is 3.0 To 4.5 Mg/Dl (0.97 To
1.45 Mmol/L). The Client Is Experiencing Hypophosphatemia. Causative Factors
Relate To Malnutrition Or Starvation And The Use Of Aluminum Hydroxide–Based
Or Magnesium-Based Antacids. Renal Insufficiency, Hypoparathyroidism, And
Tumor Lysis Syndrome Are Causative Factors Of Hyperphosphatemia.
25- Insensible Losses May Occur Without The Person's Awareness. Insensible Losses
Occur Daily Through The Skin And The Lungs. Sensible Losses Are Those Of
Which The Person Is Aware, Such As Through Urination, Wound Drainage, And
Gastrointestinal Tract Losses.
26- A Fluid Volume Deficit Occurs When The Fluid Intake Is Not Sufficient To Meet
The Fluid Needs Of The Body. Causes Of A Fluid Volume Deficit Include Vomiting,
Diarrhea, Conditions That Cause Increased Respirations Or Increased Urinary
Output, Insufficient Intravenous Fluid Replacement, Draining Fistulas, And The
Presence Of An Ileostomy Or Colostomy. A Client With Heart Failure Or On Long-
Term Corticosteroid Therapy Or A Client Receiving Frequent Wound Irrigations Is
Most At Risk For Fluid Volume Excess.
27- A Fluid Volume Deficit Occurs When The Fluid Intake Is Not Sufficient To Meet
The Fluid Needs Of The Body. Assessment Findings In A Client With A Fluid
Volume Deficit Include Increased Respirations And Heart Rate, Decreased Central
Venous Pressure (Cvp) (Normal Cvp Is Between 4 And 11 Cm H 2o), Weight Loss,
Poor Skin Turgor, Dry Mucous Membranes, Decreased Urine Volume, Increased
Specific Gravity Of The Urine, Increased Hematocrit, And Altered Level Of
Consciousness. Lung Congestion, Increased Urinary Output, And Increased Blood
Pressure Are All Associated With Fluid Volume Excess.
Fundamentals Questions And Correct Answers 2025
1- Nodding Or Smiling By A Japanese American Client May Reflect Only The Cultural
Value Of Interpersonal Harmony. This Nonverbal Behavior May Not Be An
Indication Of Acceptance Of The Treatment, Agreement With The Speaker, Or
Understanding Of The Procedure.
2- Arranging For An Interpreter Would Be The Best Practice When Communicating
With A Client Who Speaks A Different Language. Options 1 And 4 Are
Inappropriate And Ineffective Ways To Communicate. Option 3 Is Inappropriate
Because It Violates Privacy And Does Not Ensure Correct Translation.
3- Acculturation Is A Process Of Learning A Different Culture To Adapt To A New Or
Changing Environment. Options 1 And 3 Describe A Subculture. Option 4
Describes Ethnic Identity.
4- Most Chinese Americans Maintain A Formal Distance With Others, Which Is A
Form Of Respect. Many Chinese Americans Are Uncomfortable With Face-To-Face
Communications, Especially When Eye Contact Is Direct. If The Client Turns Away
From The Nurse During A Conversation, The Best Action Is To Continue With The
Conversation. Walking Around The Client So That The Nurse Faces The Client Is
In Direct Conflict With This Cultural Practice. The Client May Consider It A Rude
Gesture If The Nurse Returns Later To Continue With The Explanation. Telling The
Client About The Importance Of The Instructions For The Maintenance Of Health
Care May Be Viewed As Degrading.
5- In Times Of Illness, A Roman Catholic Client May Turn To Prayer For Spiritual
Support. This May Include Rosary Prayers Or Visits From A Priest, Who Is The
Spiritual Leader In The Roman Catholic Faith. Close Family Members Usually
Want To Stay With A Dying Family Member In Order To Hear The Wishes Of The
Client, Allowing The Soul To Leave In Peace. A Priest, Not A Nurse, Would
Administer The Sacrament Of The Sick. Roman Catholics Would Not Ask For The
Crucifix To Be Removed. Members Of Other Religious Groups Such As Islam Or
Judaism May Request The Removal Of The Crucifix. Dietary Rituals Are Not A
Concern At This Time
6- Because Of Their Health And Dietary Practices, Latino Americans, Native
Americans, Hispanic Americans, And African Americans Have A High Risk Of
Obesity And Diabetes Mellitus. Owing To Dietary Practices, Asian Americans Have
A Lower Risk For Obesity And Diabetes Mellitus.
7- Among Jehovah's Witnesses, Surgery Is Not Prohibited, But The Administration Of
Blood And Blood Products Is Forbidden. For A Jehovah's Witness, Administration
, Of Medication Is An Acceptable Practice Except If The Medication Is Derived From
Blood Products. This Religious Group Believes That The Soul Cannot Live After
Death. Jehovah's Witnesses Avoid Foods Prepared With Or Containing Blood.
8- Members Of Orthodox Judaism Adhere To Dietary Kosher Laws. In This Religion,
The Dairy-Meat Combination Is Unacceptable. Only Fish That Have Scales And
Fins Are Allowed; Meats That Are Allowed Include Animals That Are Vegetable
Eaters, Cloven Hoofed, And Ritually Slaughtered.
9- In The Asian American Culture, Health Is Believed To Be A State Of Physical And
Spiritual Harmony With Nature And A Balance Between Positive And Negative
Energy Forces (Yin And Yang). Yin Foods Are Cold And Yang Foods Are Hot. Cold
Foods Are Eaten When One Has A Hot Illness (Fever), And Hot Foods Are Eaten
When One Has A Cold Illness. Options 1 And 2 Are Not Health Practices
Specifically Associated With The Asian American Culture Or The Yin And Yang
Theory.
10- Complementary And Alternative Therapies Include A Wide Variety Of Treatment
Modalities That Are Used In Addition To Conventional Therapy To Treat A Disease
Or Illness. Educating The Client About Therapies That He Or She Uses Or Is
Interested In Using Is The Nurse's Role. Options 1, 2, And 4 Are Inappropriate
Actions For The Nurse To Take Because They Provide Advice To The Client.
11- Although Herbal Substances May Have Some Beneficial Effects, Not All Herbs Are
Safe To Use. Clients Who Are Being Treated With Conventional Medication
Therapy Should Be Encouraged To Avoid Herbal Substances Because The
Combination May Lead To An Excessive Reaction Or To Unknown Interaction
Effects. The Nurse Should Advise The Client To Discuss The Use Of The Herbal
Substance With The Hcp.
12- The 5 Main Categories Of Cam Include Whole Medical Systems, Mind-Body
Medicine, Biologically Based Practices, Manipulative And Body-Based Practices,
And Energy Medicine. Magnetic Therapy And Massage Therapy Are Therapies
Within Specific Categories Of Cam.
13- After A Client's Fall, The Nurse Must Frequently Reassess The Client Because
Potential Complications Do Not Always Appear Immediately After The Fall. The
Client's Fall Should Be Treated As Private Information And Shared On A "Need To
Know" Basis. Communication Regarding The Event Should Involve Only The
Individuals Participating In The Client's Care. An Incident Report Is A Problem-
Solving Document; However, Its Completion Is Not Documented In The Nurse's
Notes. If The Nursing Supervisor Has Been Made Aware Of The Incident, The
Supervisor Will Contact The Nurse If Status Update Is Necessary.
14- A Fluid Volume Excess Is Also Known As Overhydration Or Fluid Overload And
Occurs When Fluid Intake Or Fluid Retention Exceeds The Fluid Needs Of The
Body.
, Assessment Findings Associated With Fluid Volume Excess Include Cough,
Dyspnea, Crackles, Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Elevated Blood Pressure, Bounding
Pulse, Elevated Cvp, Weight Gain, Edema, Neck And Hand Vein Distention,
Altered Level Of Consciousness, And Decreased Hematocrit. Dry Skin, Flat Neck
And Hand Veins, Decreased Urinary Output, And Decreased Cvp Are Noted In
Fluid Volume Deficit. Weakness Can Be Present In Either Fluid Volume Excess Or
Deficit.
15- The Normal Serum Potassium Level Is 3.5 To 5.0 Meq/L (3.5 To 5.0 Mmol/L). A
Potassium Deficit Is Known As Hypokalemia. Potassium-Rich Gastrointestinal
Fluids Are Lost Through Gastrointestinal Suction, Placing The Client At Risk For
Hypokalemia. The Client With Tissue Damage Or Addison's Disease And The
Client With Hyperuricemia Are At Risk For Hyperkalemia. The Normal Uric Acid
Level For A Female Is 2.7 To 7.3 Mg/Dl (16 To 0.43 Mmol/L) And For A Male Is 4.0
To 8.5 Mg/Dl (0.24 To 0.51 Mmol/L). Hyperuricemia Is A Cause Of Hyperkalemia.
16- The Normal Serum Potassium Level Is 3.5 To 5.0 Meq/L (3.5 To 5.0 Mmol/L). A
Serum Potassium Level Lower Than 3.5 Meq/L (3.5 Mmol/L) Indicates
Hypokalemia. Potassium Deficit Is An Electrolyte Imbalance That Can Be
Potentially Life- Threatening. Electrocardiographic Changes Include Shallow, Flat,
Or Inverted T Waves; St Segment Depression; And Prominent U Waves. Absent P
Waves Are Not A Characteristic Of Hypokalemia But May Be Noted In A Client
With Atrial Fibrillation, Junctional Rhythms, Or Ventricular Rhythms. A Widened
Qrs Complex May Be Noted In Hyperkalemia And In Hypermagnesemia.
17- The Normal Potassium Level Is 3.5 To 5.0 Meq/L (3.5 To 5.0 Mmol/L). Common
Food Sources Of Potassium Include Avocado, Bananas, Cantaloupe, Carrots, Fish,
Mushrooms, Oranges, Potatoes, Pork, Beef, Veal, Raisins, Spinach, Strawberries,
And Tomatoes. Peas And Cauliflower Are High In Magnesium.
18- The Normal Serum Sodium Level Is 135 To 145 Meq/L (135 To 145 Mmol/L). A
Serum Sodium Level Of 150 Meq/L (150 Mmol/L) Indicates Hypernatremia. On
The Basis Of This Finding, The Nurse Would Instruct The Client To Avoid Foods
High In Sodium. Peas, Nuts, And Cauliflower Are Good Food Sources Of
Phosphorus And Are Not High In Sodium (Unless They Are Canned Or Salted).
Peas Are Also A Good Source Of Magnesium. Processed Foods Such As Cheese
And Processed Oat Cereals Are High In Sodium Content.
19- The Normal Serum Calcium Level Is 9 To 10.5 Mg/Dl (2.25 To 2.75 Mmol/L). A
Serum Calcium Level Lower Than 9 Mg/Dl (2.25 Mmol/L) Indicates Hypocalcemia.
Signs Of Hypocalcemia Include Paresthesias Followed By Numbness, Hyperactive
Deep Tendon Reflexes, And A Positive Trousseau's Or Chvostek's Sign. Additional
Signs Of Hypocalcemia Include Increased Neuromuscular Excitability, Muscle
Cramps, Twitching, Tetany, Seizures, Irritability, And Anxiety. Gastrointestinal
Symptoms Include Increased Gastric Motility, Hyperactive Bowel Sounds,
Abdominal Cramping, And Diarrhea.
20- The Normal Serum Calcium Level Is 9 To 10.5 Mg/Dl (2.25 To 2.75 Mmol/L). A
Serum Calcium Level Lower Than 9 Mg/Dl (2.25 Mmol/L) Indicates Hypocalcemia.
Electrocardiographic Changes That Occur In A Client With Hypocalcemia Include
A Prolonged Qt Interval And Prolonged St Segment. A Shortened St Segment And
A Widened T Wave Occur With Hypercalcemia. St Depression And Prominent U
Waves Occur With Hypokalemia.
, 21- The Normal Potassium Level Is 3.5 To 5.0 Meq/L (3.5 To 5.0 Mmol/L). A Serum
Potassium Level Greater Than 5.0 Meq/L (5.0 Mmol/L) Indicates Hyperkalemia.
Electrocardiographic Changes Associated With Hyperkalemia Include Flat P
Waves, Prolonged Pr Intervals, Widened Qrs Complexes, And Tall Peaked T
Waves. St Depression And A Prominent U Wave Occurs In Hypokalemia. A
Prolonged St Segment Occurs In Hypocalcemia.
22- The Normal Serum Sodium Level Is 135 To 145 Meq/L (135 To 145 Mmol/L). A
Serum Sodium Level Of 130 Meq/L (130 Mmol/L) Indicates Hyponatremia.
Hyponatremia Can Occur In The Client Taking Diuretics. The Client Taking
Corticosteroids And The Client With Hyperaldosteronism Or Cushing's Syndrome
Are At Risk For Hypernatremia.
23- The Normal Serum Sodium Level Is 135 To 145 Meq/L (135 To 145 Mmol/L).
Hyponatremia Is Evidenced By A Serum Sodium Level Lower Than 135 Meq/L
(135 Mmol/L). Hyperactive Bowel Sounds Indicate Hyponatremia. The Remaining
Options Are Signs Of Hypernatremia. In Hyponatremia, Muscle Weakness,
Increased Urinary Output, And Decreased Specific Gravity Of The Urine Would Be
Noted.
24- The Normal Serum Phosphorus (Phosphate) Level Is 3.0 To 4.5 Mg/Dl (0.97 To
1.45 Mmol/L). The Client Is Experiencing Hypophosphatemia. Causative Factors
Relate To Malnutrition Or Starvation And The Use Of Aluminum Hydroxide–Based
Or Magnesium-Based Antacids. Renal Insufficiency, Hypoparathyroidism, And
Tumor Lysis Syndrome Are Causative Factors Of Hyperphosphatemia.
25- Insensible Losses May Occur Without The Person's Awareness. Insensible Losses
Occur Daily Through The Skin And The Lungs. Sensible Losses Are Those Of
Which The Person Is Aware, Such As Through Urination, Wound Drainage, And
Gastrointestinal Tract Losses.
26- A Fluid Volume Deficit Occurs When The Fluid Intake Is Not Sufficient To Meet
The Fluid Needs Of The Body. Causes Of A Fluid Volume Deficit Include Vomiting,
Diarrhea, Conditions That Cause Increased Respirations Or Increased Urinary
Output, Insufficient Intravenous Fluid Replacement, Draining Fistulas, And The
Presence Of An Ileostomy Or Colostomy. A Client With Heart Failure Or On Long-
Term Corticosteroid Therapy Or A Client Receiving Frequent Wound Irrigations Is
Most At Risk For Fluid Volume Excess.
27- A Fluid Volume Deficit Occurs When The Fluid Intake Is Not Sufficient To Meet
The Fluid Needs Of The Body. Assessment Findings In A Client With A Fluid
Volume Deficit Include Increased Respirations And Heart Rate, Decreased Central
Venous Pressure (Cvp) (Normal Cvp Is Between 4 And 11 Cm H 2o), Weight Loss,
Poor Skin Turgor, Dry Mucous Membranes, Decreased Urine Volume, Increased
Specific Gravity Of The Urine, Increased Hematocrit, And Altered Level Of
Consciousness. Lung Congestion, Increased Urinary Output, And Increased Blood
Pressure Are All Associated With Fluid Volume Excess.
