FAD 3320 Exam 1 Questions with
Correct Solutions
Behavioral Perspective - Answer-the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and
environmental stimuli; if we know the stimuli we can predict the behavior; reflects the view that
nurture>nature
Classical Conditioning - Answer-occurs when an organism learns to respond in a particular was to a
neutral stimulus
Operant Conditioning - Answer-a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or
weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences; deals with punishment and
reinforcement
reinforcement leads to repeated behavior, while punishment leads to not repeated
punishment - Answer-the introduction Of an unpleasant or painful stimulus OR removal of a desirable
stimulus, will decrease the probability of repeat
reinforcement - Answer-process by which a behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases the
probability of a behavior being repeated
,Social-Cognitive Learning Theory - Answer-an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the
behavior of another person or model; behavior learned through observation
Cognitive Perspective - Answer-focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and
think about the world; Piaget's Theory, Information Processing Approaches, Cognitive Neuroscience
Approaches
Piaget's Theory - Answer-fixed sequence of universal stages of cognitive development; human thinking
arranged into schemes, organized mental patterns that represent behavior and actions
on a broad view this theory is accurate, but the specifics have been questioned; people think growth is
more continuous
assimilation - Answer-the process by which people understand a new experience in terms of their
existing ways of thinking
accommodation - Answer-changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new
stimulus or events
Information Processign Approaches - Answer-seek to identify ways individuals take in, use, and store
info; our capacity to handle info changes with age, as does our processing speed and efficiency
Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches - Answer-look at cognitive development at the level of brain
processes; seek to identify actual locations and functions within the brain that are related to different
types of cognitive activities
Humanistic Perspective - Answer-people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and
to control their behavior; emphasizes free will, the ability of humans to make choices and come to
decisions about their lives; motivated to make their own decisions and push themselves; we need
positive regard
, self-actualization - Answer-a state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in
their own unique way
Contextual Perspective - Answer-considers the relationship between individuals and their physical,
cognitive, personality, and social worlds; persons development cannot be properly viewed without
seeing how that person is enmeshed within a rich social and cultural context
Bioecological Approach to Development (Brofenbrenner) - Answer-suggests that there are five levels of
the environment that simultaneously influence individuals
1. microsystem
2. mesosystem
3. exosystem
4. macrosystem
5. chronosystem
microsystem - Answer-everyday, immediate environment of children's daily lives
mesosystem - Answer-connects the various aspects of the microsystem. Binds children to parents,
students to teachers, employees to bosses, friends to friends
exosystem - Answer-broader influences such as local government, the community, schools, places of
worship, etc.
macrosystem - Answer-larger cultural influences on an individual, including society in general, types of
government, religious and political value systems
chronosystem - Answer-underlies each of the previous systems
Correct Solutions
Behavioral Perspective - Answer-the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and
environmental stimuli; if we know the stimuli we can predict the behavior; reflects the view that
nurture>nature
Classical Conditioning - Answer-occurs when an organism learns to respond in a particular was to a
neutral stimulus
Operant Conditioning - Answer-a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or
weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences; deals with punishment and
reinforcement
reinforcement leads to repeated behavior, while punishment leads to not repeated
punishment - Answer-the introduction Of an unpleasant or painful stimulus OR removal of a desirable
stimulus, will decrease the probability of repeat
reinforcement - Answer-process by which a behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases the
probability of a behavior being repeated
,Social-Cognitive Learning Theory - Answer-an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the
behavior of another person or model; behavior learned through observation
Cognitive Perspective - Answer-focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and
think about the world; Piaget's Theory, Information Processing Approaches, Cognitive Neuroscience
Approaches
Piaget's Theory - Answer-fixed sequence of universal stages of cognitive development; human thinking
arranged into schemes, organized mental patterns that represent behavior and actions
on a broad view this theory is accurate, but the specifics have been questioned; people think growth is
more continuous
assimilation - Answer-the process by which people understand a new experience in terms of their
existing ways of thinking
accommodation - Answer-changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new
stimulus or events
Information Processign Approaches - Answer-seek to identify ways individuals take in, use, and store
info; our capacity to handle info changes with age, as does our processing speed and efficiency
Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches - Answer-look at cognitive development at the level of brain
processes; seek to identify actual locations and functions within the brain that are related to different
types of cognitive activities
Humanistic Perspective - Answer-people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and
to control their behavior; emphasizes free will, the ability of humans to make choices and come to
decisions about their lives; motivated to make their own decisions and push themselves; we need
positive regard
, self-actualization - Answer-a state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in
their own unique way
Contextual Perspective - Answer-considers the relationship between individuals and their physical,
cognitive, personality, and social worlds; persons development cannot be properly viewed without
seeing how that person is enmeshed within a rich social and cultural context
Bioecological Approach to Development (Brofenbrenner) - Answer-suggests that there are five levels of
the environment that simultaneously influence individuals
1. microsystem
2. mesosystem
3. exosystem
4. macrosystem
5. chronosystem
microsystem - Answer-everyday, immediate environment of children's daily lives
mesosystem - Answer-connects the various aspects of the microsystem. Binds children to parents,
students to teachers, employees to bosses, friends to friends
exosystem - Answer-broader influences such as local government, the community, schools, places of
worship, etc.
macrosystem - Answer-larger cultural influences on an individual, including society in general, types of
government, religious and political value systems
chronosystem - Answer-underlies each of the previous systems
