BIO 1008 EXAM WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
What passes through to the bowmans capsule - ANSWER K+, Na+, urea, amino acids,
water, glucose
What stays in glomerulus? - ANSWER large proteins, blood cells (red and white)
structure of the nephron - ANSWER glomerulus, bowman's capsule, proximal
convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
GLP-1 - ANSWER - secreted from small intestine after meal
- activates beta cells
- increase food --> increase GLP1 --> increase glucose
Glucose entering beta cell - ANSWER glucose enters through facilitated transport
through a GLUT-2 transporter to be metabolised. Glucose metabolism results in
increase of ATP:ADP ratio which leads to the closer of K+ATP channels leading to
depolarisation of the cell. this causes voltage dependent calcium channels to open
which leads to calcium to enter the beta cell and increase concentration of calcium in
the cell. this leads to the triggering of insulin granule fusion with the cell membrane,
releasing insulin out of the cell membrane.
Islets of Langerhans - ANSWER consists of beta, alpha and gamma cells
- secretes insulin and glucagon
Insulin targets what? - ANSWER liver - to promote glycogen storage
skeletal muscle - to promote glucose uptake
adipose fat - to promote glucose uptake
MiLF - USU- 4-2-4
glucagon targets what? - ANSWER liver to promote glycogen breakdown and insulin
release
- breaks triglycerides into fatty acids
fed state metabolism - ANSWER high levels of glucose and insulin
fasting state - ANSWER low levels of insulin
, - glucose is being produced by the use of stored glycogen and lactate from muscles and
free fatty acids and glycerols from fat
proximal convoluted tubule - ANSWER - lined with microvilli
- main site of reabsorption of materials such as ions, water, glucose , vitamins)
- AS NA+ IS PUMPED OUT OF THE TUBULE THROUGH ACTIVE TRANSPORT, GLUCOSE
IS CO-TRANSPORTED WITH IT.
- water is diffused out through osmosis AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE so that the urine can
be concentration
what happens in a germ free animal - ANSWER shit immune system
- no immunoglobins (antibodies)
diseases linked with a bad microbiome
- gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2
diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer
dorsal vs ventral - ANSWER back vs belly
Lateral vs. Medial - ANSWER Towards the sides vs. toward the middle
cell survival - ANSWER oxygen availability and preventing apoptosis
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Golgi complex - ANSWER a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be
transported out of the cell
Endocytosis - ANSWER a type of active transport that moves particles, such as large
molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell
Describe how the cell uses the Na-K ATPase to create the electrochemical gradient that
provides the energy for life - ANSWER
Oxytocin - ANSWER A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates
uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - ANSWER A hormone produced by the pituitary gland
when the body is dehydrated. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the
blood making the urine more concentrated.
lipid soluble hormones - ANSWER -steroid and thyroid hormones
-act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
COMPLETE SOLUTION
What passes through to the bowmans capsule - ANSWER K+, Na+, urea, amino acids,
water, glucose
What stays in glomerulus? - ANSWER large proteins, blood cells (red and white)
structure of the nephron - ANSWER glomerulus, bowman's capsule, proximal
convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
GLP-1 - ANSWER - secreted from small intestine after meal
- activates beta cells
- increase food --> increase GLP1 --> increase glucose
Glucose entering beta cell - ANSWER glucose enters through facilitated transport
through a GLUT-2 transporter to be metabolised. Glucose metabolism results in
increase of ATP:ADP ratio which leads to the closer of K+ATP channels leading to
depolarisation of the cell. this causes voltage dependent calcium channels to open
which leads to calcium to enter the beta cell and increase concentration of calcium in
the cell. this leads to the triggering of insulin granule fusion with the cell membrane,
releasing insulin out of the cell membrane.
Islets of Langerhans - ANSWER consists of beta, alpha and gamma cells
- secretes insulin and glucagon
Insulin targets what? - ANSWER liver - to promote glycogen storage
skeletal muscle - to promote glucose uptake
adipose fat - to promote glucose uptake
MiLF - USU- 4-2-4
glucagon targets what? - ANSWER liver to promote glycogen breakdown and insulin
release
- breaks triglycerides into fatty acids
fed state metabolism - ANSWER high levels of glucose and insulin
fasting state - ANSWER low levels of insulin
, - glucose is being produced by the use of stored glycogen and lactate from muscles and
free fatty acids and glycerols from fat
proximal convoluted tubule - ANSWER - lined with microvilli
- main site of reabsorption of materials such as ions, water, glucose , vitamins)
- AS NA+ IS PUMPED OUT OF THE TUBULE THROUGH ACTIVE TRANSPORT, GLUCOSE
IS CO-TRANSPORTED WITH IT.
- water is diffused out through osmosis AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE so that the urine can
be concentration
what happens in a germ free animal - ANSWER shit immune system
- no immunoglobins (antibodies)
diseases linked with a bad microbiome
- gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2
diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer
dorsal vs ventral - ANSWER back vs belly
Lateral vs. Medial - ANSWER Towards the sides vs. toward the middle
cell survival - ANSWER oxygen availability and preventing apoptosis
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Golgi complex - ANSWER a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be
transported out of the cell
Endocytosis - ANSWER a type of active transport that moves particles, such as large
molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell
Describe how the cell uses the Na-K ATPase to create the electrochemical gradient that
provides the energy for life - ANSWER
Oxytocin - ANSWER A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates
uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - ANSWER A hormone produced by the pituitary gland
when the body is dehydrated. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the
blood making the urine more concentrated.
lipid soluble hormones - ANSWER -steroid and thyroid hormones
-act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
