Multiple-Choice Practice Questions (Methods of Professional Conduct)
1. 1. What is the main characteristic of the availability heuristic?
A) Making decisions based on intuition
B) Using easily recalled information to estimate likelihood
C) Judging probability by representativeness
D) Basing decisions on personal bias
2. 2. What is the primary focus of the biopsychosocial model?
A) Biological causes of disorders
B) Holistic integration of biological, psychological, and social factors
C) Diagnosing based on medical imaging
D) Treating symptoms independently of their causes
3. 3. What does the representativeness heuristic often lead to?
A) Accurate judgments
B) Biases based on stereotypes
C) Improved decision-making
D) Reduced cognitive effort
4. 4. Which type of practitioner relies heavily on experiential knowledge?
A) Intuitive practitioner
B) Reflective practitioner
C) Evidence-based practitioner
D) Scientist-practitioner
5. 5. What is a key limitation of the biomedical model?
A) It considers too many social factors
B) It focuses only on prevention
C) It cannot explain symptoms without a medical diagnosis
D) It overemphasizes psychological treatments
6. 6. What is the focus of the diagnostic bias?
A) Favoring no diagnosis over any other
B) Assuming a diagnosis even when not supported by evidence
C) Considering multiple diagnoses at once
D) Ignoring base rates of disorders
7. 7. What does the PICO framework help professionals achieve?
A) Formulate clear, answerable questions
, B) Develop diagnostic tests
C) Create patient profiles
D) Evaluate clinical trials
8. 8. Which heuristic is most associated with first impressions?
A) Recency heuristic
B) Availability heuristic
C) Primacy bias
D) Confirmation bias
9. 9. How does hindsight bias affect decision-making?
A) It leads to overestimating prior probabilities of events
B) It causes underestimation of known outcomes
C) It enhances the accuracy of predictions
D) It eliminates regret bias
10. 10. What is a core principle of evidence-based medicine?
A) Following clinical intuition
B) Balancing scientific evidence with patient values
C) Prioritizing experimental over observational studies
D) Avoiding patient involvement in decision-making
11. 11. What is 'anchoring and adjustment' in decision-making?
A) Relying on past decisions
B) Starting from an initial value and making insufficient adjustments
C) Focusing only on extreme outcomes
D) Balancing between conflicting evidence
12. 12. What does 'reflective practitioner' emphasize?
A) Automatic decision-making
B) Reflecting on practice to improve
C) Sole reliance on scientific evidence
D) Avoiding feedback
13. 13. Which concept is central to cultural competence?
A) Assuming all individuals share similar values
B) Recognizing and adapting to cultural diversity
C) Ignoring cultural differences in assessments
D) Standardizing assessments across cultures
14. 14. What is a common critique of the guideline approach?
1. 1. What is the main characteristic of the availability heuristic?
A) Making decisions based on intuition
B) Using easily recalled information to estimate likelihood
C) Judging probability by representativeness
D) Basing decisions on personal bias
2. 2. What is the primary focus of the biopsychosocial model?
A) Biological causes of disorders
B) Holistic integration of biological, psychological, and social factors
C) Diagnosing based on medical imaging
D) Treating symptoms independently of their causes
3. 3. What does the representativeness heuristic often lead to?
A) Accurate judgments
B) Biases based on stereotypes
C) Improved decision-making
D) Reduced cognitive effort
4. 4. Which type of practitioner relies heavily on experiential knowledge?
A) Intuitive practitioner
B) Reflective practitioner
C) Evidence-based practitioner
D) Scientist-practitioner
5. 5. What is a key limitation of the biomedical model?
A) It considers too many social factors
B) It focuses only on prevention
C) It cannot explain symptoms without a medical diagnosis
D) It overemphasizes psychological treatments
6. 6. What is the focus of the diagnostic bias?
A) Favoring no diagnosis over any other
B) Assuming a diagnosis even when not supported by evidence
C) Considering multiple diagnoses at once
D) Ignoring base rates of disorders
7. 7. What does the PICO framework help professionals achieve?
A) Formulate clear, answerable questions
, B) Develop diagnostic tests
C) Create patient profiles
D) Evaluate clinical trials
8. 8. Which heuristic is most associated with first impressions?
A) Recency heuristic
B) Availability heuristic
C) Primacy bias
D) Confirmation bias
9. 9. How does hindsight bias affect decision-making?
A) It leads to overestimating prior probabilities of events
B) It causes underestimation of known outcomes
C) It enhances the accuracy of predictions
D) It eliminates regret bias
10. 10. What is a core principle of evidence-based medicine?
A) Following clinical intuition
B) Balancing scientific evidence with patient values
C) Prioritizing experimental over observational studies
D) Avoiding patient involvement in decision-making
11. 11. What is 'anchoring and adjustment' in decision-making?
A) Relying on past decisions
B) Starting from an initial value and making insufficient adjustments
C) Focusing only on extreme outcomes
D) Balancing between conflicting evidence
12. 12. What does 'reflective practitioner' emphasize?
A) Automatic decision-making
B) Reflecting on practice to improve
C) Sole reliance on scientific evidence
D) Avoiding feedback
13. 13. Which concept is central to cultural competence?
A) Assuming all individuals share similar values
B) Recognizing and adapting to cultural diversity
C) Ignoring cultural differences in assessments
D) Standardizing assessments across cultures
14. 14. What is a common critique of the guideline approach?
