Sociale psychologie
1
,Inhoudsopgave
H1: Sociale cognities ...........................................................................................................................7
1. Schema’s .....................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Omschrijving ..........................................................................................................................7
1.2 Kenmerken .........................................................................................................................8
2. Configureren ................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Opvallende kenmerken ...........................................................................................................9
2.2 Primacy-effect ........................................................................................................................9
2.3 Configuratiemodel Asch ........................................................................................................ 10
2.4 Impliciete persoonlijkheid ..................................................................................................... 10
3. Persoonsperceptie ..................................................................................................................... 10
4. Priming ...................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Onderzoeksresultaten? ............................................................................................................. 11
4.2 Referentie-index ....................................................................................................................... 11
4.4 Politieke keuzes ........................................................................................................................ 11
5. Dissonantie ................................................................................................................................ 11
5.1 Dollarexperimenten .................................................................................................................. 12
5.2 Spanningsreductie .................................................................................................................... 12
5.3 Verslaving en verdwazing ........................................................................................................... 12
5.5 Endowment-effect .................................................................................................................... 12
6. Het negatieve ............................................................................................................................. 13
6.1 Aversie voor verlies ................................................................................................................... 13
6.2 Framing ................................................................................................................................ 13
6.3 Negativiteitseffect .................................................................................................................... 13
7. Cognitie en affect ....................................................................................................................... 14
H2: Attributie ..................................................................................................................................... 15
1. Criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 15
1.1.Intern/extern ........................................................................................................................ 15
1.2 Stabiel/onstabiel................................................................................................................... 15
1.3. Controleerbaar/oncontroleerbaar ......................................................................................... 16
1.4. Globaal/specifiek ................................................................................................................. 16
1.5 Attributies en orthopedagogie: ............................................................................................... 17
2. Attributietheorieën ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.1. Zelfwaarnemingstheorie (Bem) ............................................................................................. 17
2.2. Corresponderende inferentietheorie (Jones & Davis) .............................................................. 18
2.3. Covariatiemodel (Kelley) ...................................................................................................... 18
2.4. Tweestappenmodel (Gilbert) ................................................................................................ 18
2
, 3. Motivatie .................................................................................................................................... 19
4. Vertekeningen ............................................................................................................................ 19
4.1 Zelfbeeld en self-serving bias ................................................................................................ 19
4.2 Beperkte rationaliteit en heuristieken ..................................................................................... 19
4.3 Valse consensuseffect .......................................................................................................... 19
4.4 Basisfrequentievalstrik en tegenfeitelijk denken...................................................................... 20
4.5 Fundamentele attributiefout .................................................................................................. 20
4.6 Actor-observator ................................................................................................................... 20
4.7 Zelfvervullende voorspelling .................................................................................................. 20
H3: Sociale beïnvloeding .................................................................................................................... 21
1. Conformisme of meerderheidsinvloed ......................................................................................... 21
1.1 Sherif en het autokinetisch effect ........................................................................................... 21
1.2 Jacobs & Campbell en het verdwijnen van de beïnvloedingsbron ............................................. 21
1.3 Leon Festinger en de socialevergelijkingstheorie ..................................................................... 21
1.4 Lijnexperiment van Ash ......................................................................................................... 22
1.5 Informatieve en normatieve beïnvloeding ............................................................................... 22
1.6 Beïnvloedende factoren ........................................................................................................ 23
2. Innovatie of minderheidsinvloed .................................................................................................. 24
2.1 Moscovici en kleurendia’s ...................................................................................................... 24
2.2 Proefopzet Asch vs Moscovici ................................................................................................ 24
2.2 Beïnvloedende factoren ........................................................................................................ 25
3. Gehoorzaamheid en autoriteit ..................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Milgram en elektroshocks ...................................................................................................... 26
3.2 Beïnvloedende factoren ........................................................................................................ 26
3.3 Waarom gehoorzamen?......................................................................................................... 27
5. Sociale facilitatie en belemmering ............................................................................................... 28
5.1 Dominante responsen ........................................................................................................... 28
5.2 Evaluatie verwachten ............................................................................................................ 28
6. Sociaal meelift ........................................................................................................................... 29
6.1 Ringelmann-effect ................................................................................................................ 29
6.2 Ongelijkheidaversie............................................................................................................... 29
1. Altruïsme ................................................................................................................................... 30
2. Verwantschap ............................................................................................................................ 30
3. Wederkerig altruïsme .................................................................................................................. 30
3.1 Dieren .................................................................................................................................. 30
3.2 Kosten-batenanalyse ............................................................................................................ 31
3.3 Ultimatum Game .................................................................................................................. 31
3.4 Prisoners game ..................................................................................................................... 31
3
, 3.5 Emoties ................................................................................................................................ 32
4. Empathie ................................................................................................................................... 32
4.1 Betekenis ............................................................................................................................. 32
4.2 Zinvol ................................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Gradatie ............................................................................................................................... 32
4.5. Emotioneel, cognitief, egoïstisch .......................................................................................... 33
5. Stappenmodel ........................................................................................................................... 33
5.1 Opmerken ............................................................................................................................ 34
5.2 Interpreteren ........................................................................................................................ 34
5.3 Verantwoordelijkheid nemen ................................................................................................. 34
5.4 Hoe ...................................................................................................................................... 34
5.5 Actie ondernemen ................................................................................................................ 34
6. Beïnvloedende factoren .............................................................................................................. 35
6.1 Situationele factoren ............................................................................................................. 35
6.1.1 Plaats ................................................................................................................................ 35
6.1.2 Zintuiglijke ervaringen ........................................................................................................ 35
6.2 Persoonsgebonden factoren .................................................................................................. 35
6.2.1 Persoonlijkheid .................................................................................................................. 35
6.2.2 Positieve stemming ............................................................................................................ 35
6.3 Interpersoonlijke factoren ..................................................................................................... 36
6.3.1 Similariteit ........................................................................................................................ 36
6.3.2 Gehechtheid ...................................................................................................................... 36
6.3.3 Rolmodellen en sociale normen .......................................................................................... 36
H5: In groep ....................................................................................................................................... 37
3. Sociale categorisatie .................................................................................................................. 37
3.1 In/out group .......................................................................................................................... 37
4. Kenmerk 1: Accentuation effect................................................................................................... 38
5. Kenmerk 2: Assumed similarity effect .......................................................................................... 38
5.1 Minimal group-paradigma ..................................................................................................... 38
6. Kenmerk 3: Outgroup homogeneity effect .................................................................................... 39
6.1 De-individuatie ..................................................................................................................... 39
6.2 Ontmoeten ........................................................................................................................... 39
6.3 Abstraction-based versus instance-based .............................................................................. 39
7. Kenmerk 4: Ingroup-favoritisme-effect ......................................................................................... 40
7.2 Verklaringen ......................................................................................................................... 40
8. Valkuilen vermijden .................................................................................................................... 40
9. Groupthink ................................................................................................................................. 41
9.1 Kenmerken ........................................................................................................................... 41
4
1
,Inhoudsopgave
H1: Sociale cognities ...........................................................................................................................7
1. Schema’s .....................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Omschrijving ..........................................................................................................................7
1.2 Kenmerken .........................................................................................................................8
2. Configureren ................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Opvallende kenmerken ...........................................................................................................9
2.2 Primacy-effect ........................................................................................................................9
2.3 Configuratiemodel Asch ........................................................................................................ 10
2.4 Impliciete persoonlijkheid ..................................................................................................... 10
3. Persoonsperceptie ..................................................................................................................... 10
4. Priming ...................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Onderzoeksresultaten? ............................................................................................................. 11
4.2 Referentie-index ....................................................................................................................... 11
4.4 Politieke keuzes ........................................................................................................................ 11
5. Dissonantie ................................................................................................................................ 11
5.1 Dollarexperimenten .................................................................................................................. 12
5.2 Spanningsreductie .................................................................................................................... 12
5.3 Verslaving en verdwazing ........................................................................................................... 12
5.5 Endowment-effect .................................................................................................................... 12
6. Het negatieve ............................................................................................................................. 13
6.1 Aversie voor verlies ................................................................................................................... 13
6.2 Framing ................................................................................................................................ 13
6.3 Negativiteitseffect .................................................................................................................... 13
7. Cognitie en affect ....................................................................................................................... 14
H2: Attributie ..................................................................................................................................... 15
1. Criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 15
1.1.Intern/extern ........................................................................................................................ 15
1.2 Stabiel/onstabiel................................................................................................................... 15
1.3. Controleerbaar/oncontroleerbaar ......................................................................................... 16
1.4. Globaal/specifiek ................................................................................................................. 16
1.5 Attributies en orthopedagogie: ............................................................................................... 17
2. Attributietheorieën ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.1. Zelfwaarnemingstheorie (Bem) ............................................................................................. 17
2.2. Corresponderende inferentietheorie (Jones & Davis) .............................................................. 18
2.3. Covariatiemodel (Kelley) ...................................................................................................... 18
2.4. Tweestappenmodel (Gilbert) ................................................................................................ 18
2
, 3. Motivatie .................................................................................................................................... 19
4. Vertekeningen ............................................................................................................................ 19
4.1 Zelfbeeld en self-serving bias ................................................................................................ 19
4.2 Beperkte rationaliteit en heuristieken ..................................................................................... 19
4.3 Valse consensuseffect .......................................................................................................... 19
4.4 Basisfrequentievalstrik en tegenfeitelijk denken...................................................................... 20
4.5 Fundamentele attributiefout .................................................................................................. 20
4.6 Actor-observator ................................................................................................................... 20
4.7 Zelfvervullende voorspelling .................................................................................................. 20
H3: Sociale beïnvloeding .................................................................................................................... 21
1. Conformisme of meerderheidsinvloed ......................................................................................... 21
1.1 Sherif en het autokinetisch effect ........................................................................................... 21
1.2 Jacobs & Campbell en het verdwijnen van de beïnvloedingsbron ............................................. 21
1.3 Leon Festinger en de socialevergelijkingstheorie ..................................................................... 21
1.4 Lijnexperiment van Ash ......................................................................................................... 22
1.5 Informatieve en normatieve beïnvloeding ............................................................................... 22
1.6 Beïnvloedende factoren ........................................................................................................ 23
2. Innovatie of minderheidsinvloed .................................................................................................. 24
2.1 Moscovici en kleurendia’s ...................................................................................................... 24
2.2 Proefopzet Asch vs Moscovici ................................................................................................ 24
2.2 Beïnvloedende factoren ........................................................................................................ 25
3. Gehoorzaamheid en autoriteit ..................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Milgram en elektroshocks ...................................................................................................... 26
3.2 Beïnvloedende factoren ........................................................................................................ 26
3.3 Waarom gehoorzamen?......................................................................................................... 27
5. Sociale facilitatie en belemmering ............................................................................................... 28
5.1 Dominante responsen ........................................................................................................... 28
5.2 Evaluatie verwachten ............................................................................................................ 28
6. Sociaal meelift ........................................................................................................................... 29
6.1 Ringelmann-effect ................................................................................................................ 29
6.2 Ongelijkheidaversie............................................................................................................... 29
1. Altruïsme ................................................................................................................................... 30
2. Verwantschap ............................................................................................................................ 30
3. Wederkerig altruïsme .................................................................................................................. 30
3.1 Dieren .................................................................................................................................. 30
3.2 Kosten-batenanalyse ............................................................................................................ 31
3.3 Ultimatum Game .................................................................................................................. 31
3.4 Prisoners game ..................................................................................................................... 31
3
, 3.5 Emoties ................................................................................................................................ 32
4. Empathie ................................................................................................................................... 32
4.1 Betekenis ............................................................................................................................. 32
4.2 Zinvol ................................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Gradatie ............................................................................................................................... 32
4.5. Emotioneel, cognitief, egoïstisch .......................................................................................... 33
5. Stappenmodel ........................................................................................................................... 33
5.1 Opmerken ............................................................................................................................ 34
5.2 Interpreteren ........................................................................................................................ 34
5.3 Verantwoordelijkheid nemen ................................................................................................. 34
5.4 Hoe ...................................................................................................................................... 34
5.5 Actie ondernemen ................................................................................................................ 34
6. Beïnvloedende factoren .............................................................................................................. 35
6.1 Situationele factoren ............................................................................................................. 35
6.1.1 Plaats ................................................................................................................................ 35
6.1.2 Zintuiglijke ervaringen ........................................................................................................ 35
6.2 Persoonsgebonden factoren .................................................................................................. 35
6.2.1 Persoonlijkheid .................................................................................................................. 35
6.2.2 Positieve stemming ............................................................................................................ 35
6.3 Interpersoonlijke factoren ..................................................................................................... 36
6.3.1 Similariteit ........................................................................................................................ 36
6.3.2 Gehechtheid ...................................................................................................................... 36
6.3.3 Rolmodellen en sociale normen .......................................................................................... 36
H5: In groep ....................................................................................................................................... 37
3. Sociale categorisatie .................................................................................................................. 37
3.1 In/out group .......................................................................................................................... 37
4. Kenmerk 1: Accentuation effect................................................................................................... 38
5. Kenmerk 2: Assumed similarity effect .......................................................................................... 38
5.1 Minimal group-paradigma ..................................................................................................... 38
6. Kenmerk 3: Outgroup homogeneity effect .................................................................................... 39
6.1 De-individuatie ..................................................................................................................... 39
6.2 Ontmoeten ........................................................................................................................... 39
6.3 Abstraction-based versus instance-based .............................................................................. 39
7. Kenmerk 4: Ingroup-favoritisme-effect ......................................................................................... 40
7.2 Verklaringen ......................................................................................................................... 40
8. Valkuilen vermijden .................................................................................................................... 40
9. Groupthink ................................................................................................................................. 41
9.1 Kenmerken ........................................................................................................................... 41
4
