Test Bank For A Concise Introduction to Logic 14th Edition by Patrick J. Hurley Chapter 1-14

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TEST BANK
A Concise Introduction to Logi
14th Edition by Hurley Chapter 1 to 1




TEST BANK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS uy uy uy




Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC. uy uy uy




1. Basic Concepts.
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Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundness
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rength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
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2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
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Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Techniques
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ercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
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3. Informal Fallacies.
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Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and
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cit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
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Part II: FORMAL LOGIC. uy uy uy




4. Categorical Propositions.
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The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square o
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pposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and
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Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form. Exercise.
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5. Categorical Syllogisms.
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Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number of Terms. Exercise. O
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inary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
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6. Propositional Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Arguments. Exercise. Indirec
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uth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
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7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
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Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacement II. Exercise. Conditional P
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f. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
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8. Predicate Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional and Indirect Proof. Ex
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ise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
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Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC. uy uy uy




9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
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Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise. uy uy uy uy uy uy




10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
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,"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
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11. Probability. uy




Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
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12. Statistical Reasoning.
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Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
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13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
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The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance of Hypoth
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es. Exercise.
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14. Science and Superstition.
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Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise.
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Answers to Selected Exercises.
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, Chapter 1 Test A uy uy uy




MULTIPLE CHOICE uy




INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments uy uy uy uy uy uy uy uy uy




and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1.u y There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
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more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
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woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
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unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing. uy uy uy uy uy uy uy uy uy uy uy uy




a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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b. Nonargument.
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c.
u Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
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d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
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ANS: D u y
PTS: u y 2

2.u y Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
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metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
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(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
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(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
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transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
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Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" uy uy uy uy uy uy




a. uArgument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
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c.
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d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
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e. uArgument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
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ANS: C u y PTS: u y 2

3.u y Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
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proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
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emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have
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the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
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whatever the situation. uy uy




David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice uy uy uy uy uy uy




a. uArgument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
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c.
u Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
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d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
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e. uNonargument. y




ANS: E u y PTS: u y 2

4.u y Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
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and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
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merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
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employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
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immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live. uy uy uy uy uy uy uy uy uy




a. uArgument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
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