IGO's and INGO's Summary Term 3

IGO’s
and
INGO’s
Summary

Term
3

2019/2020

European
Studies





Week
1
Chapter
1

Traditional
definition
of
an
international
organisation:

“
A
formal,
continuous
structure
established
by
agreement
between

members
from
at
least
two
sovereign
states
with
the
aim
of
pursuing
the

common
interest
of
the
membership.”
(Archer,
2001)



Updated
definition
of
an
international
organisation:


“IO’s
are
formal
international
social
institutions
characterised
by

behavioural
patterns
based
on
international
norms
and
rules,
which

prescribe
and
proscribe
behaviour
in
recurrent
situations
and
lead
to
the

convergence
of
expectations
on
the
international
stage.”

This
definition
differs
from
the
former
because
it
is
not
specifically
about

sovereign
states
and
is
focused
on
a
set
of
rules.





Types
of
International
Organisations:

• Intergovernmental
organisations
Reform
to
traditional
definition
with






sovereign
state
members,
formality






with
charters
and
treaties
and
are







continuous.
Members
of
IGOs
are







states.



• Non-­‐governmental
organisations
Are
non-­‐profit
and
fit
the
updated







definition
of
international








organisations
and
are
not
created
by






states
but
by
society.
(INGO’s)



• Businesses
(MNC’s/TNC’s)

For-­‐profit
firms
with
activities
that






move
goods
and
services
and
shift







economic
decision
making
from







national
to
international
level
and







often
limit
government
sovereignty.



There
are
four
international
actors
in
international
relations
today:
NGO’s,

INGO’s,
Multinational
corporations
and
states.



Cooperation
is
difficult
because
of
uncertainty
between
states
and
putting

common
interest
above
national
interest.


, Week
2
Chapter
2
(pg.
16
–
18
and
UN
article)


IGO’s
are
mainly
a
20th
century
phenomenon
but
mainly
economical
unions
with

no
set
of
rules.
After
the
17th
century
the
rise
of
modern
states
began
as
a
result

of
technological
advances,
increased
connections
and
the
industrial
revolution.



Three
conditions
under
which
IO’s
become
established:

• Problem
–
states
have
a
common
interest

• Cognitive
–
realisation
that
problems
have
to
be
solved
together

• Power
–
the
powerful
states
bear
the
costs
of
forming
the
IO



Why
should
states
cooperate?

Industrial
expansion,
economic
crisis,
development
disparities,
human
rights,

environmental
degradation,
war/conflict



Standardization

Examples
of
standardisation
are;
International
Maritime

Organisation,
International
Telecommunications
union,

World
Intellectual
Property
Organisation
and
World
Health

Organisation.
Standardisation
is
setting
standards
for

international
cooperation
in
order
to
achieve
better

outcomes.
For
example
making
all
types
of
measurement

the
same
to
avoid
confusions.
An
example
is
the

International
Telecommunication
Union
(telegraph
union),

which
coordinates
the
shared
global
use
of
the
radio.



The
Congress
of
Vienna
(Concert
of
Europe)
is
the
oldest
IGO
in
Europe
and
it

improved
security
and
commerce
to
do
with
the
Rhine
River
in
1815.



The
first
global
IGO
was
the
League
of
Nations
formed
in
1919.
It
was
focused

on
international
war
and
peace
and
consisted
of
the
victors
of
WW1.

It
was
based
on
three
principles
that
were
incorporated
by
the
UN:

• Collective
security

• Settlement
of
disputes
through
non-­‐violent
measures

• Foster
international
cooperation

The
League
of
Nations
struggled
through
the
Japan-­‐China
conflict
and
the
Italy-­‐
Ethiopia
conflict
without
help
from
the
US
and
was
finally
brought
to
an
end
by

WW2
in
1939.



Main
reasons
of
League
of
Nations
failure:

• Self-­‐interest
of
countries

• No
important
countries

• Lack
of
troops
to
enforce
measures

• Treaty
of
Versailles
unfair
to
Germany

• Occupied
with
too
many
things

• Decisions
were
slow

• Sanctions
were
ineffective

• Contributed
to
outbreak
of
WW2
(with
treaty
of
Versailles
which
was
to

strict
towards
Germany)

• 1929
Wall
Street
Crash