WGU D236 Patho Study Guide with
correct Answers
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - Correct Answers -Oncotic
Oncotic - Correct Answers -a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure - Correct Answers -albumin
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - Correct Answers -
Albumin
One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity - Correct Answers
-Possible answer: naive T cells
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult
patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - Correct Answers -Younger
patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means
that they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is
relatively weak compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When
these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives
clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
,Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions such as
thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - Correct Answers -osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes - Correct Answers --Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both What is true about Crohn's disease? Choose 3 answers -
Correct Answers -It is an inflammatory disease, a chronic disease, and an autoimmune
disease
A patient presents with severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting following several
days of heavy alcohol intake. The provider notes a dark-blue discoloration around the
umbilicus (Cullen's sign). What is the patient most likely experiencing? - Correct
Answers -Acute pancreatitis
A patient has been diagnosed with renal cancer. What manifestation would the provider
expect to see? - Correct Answers -Hematuria
- although renal cancers may be asymptomatic, hematuria is a common sign associated
with renal cancer
A patient has been diagnosed with ESRD and will be undergoing hemodialysis. Which
is true of hemodialysis? - Correct Answers -it can cause significant fluid shifts and place
the client at risk for hypotension
Fluid deficit risk factors - Correct Answers --Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations - Correct Answers --dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs - Correct Answers -Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are
causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain a blood pH
of _______ - Correct Answers -7.35-7.45
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood
pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?
,Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - Correct Answers -Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer
systems: - Correct Answers -proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of defense
is _____ - Correct Answers -respirations; kidneys
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - Correct Answers -The equation moves in
both directions
CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+ and
HCO3- ions - Correct Answers -toward the right
CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted to
CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled. - Correct Answers -toward the left
CO2 levels - Correct Answers -35-45
HCO3 levels - Correct Answers -22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact
Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
, His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream - Correct Answers -His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have
difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
There is a question about hypoventilation or hyperventilation - Correct Answers -
Metabolic acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in depth and rate to blow off CO2
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to increase CO2 retention
Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which is generating H+
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating less H+ in blood
What is excreted in response to fluid volume overload? - Correct Answers -Natriuretic
peptides
Natriuretic peptides - Correct Answers -hormonal signals released by the brain and
heart in response to excess fluid in the body
Natriuretic peptides signals _____ urine output and ____ fluid volume - Correct Answers
-increase; reduce
A hormonal panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume
overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's
attempt to reduce the fluid overload? - Correct Answers -BNP - it's released when fluid
volume excess is present
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis - Correct Answers -
Hemodialysis:
-machine pumps blood from the body and filters waste
-3x a week for hours in a clinic
-acute kidney failure
Peritoneal:
-no machine, injection into abdominal cavity and waste products diffuse into cavity then
drained
-continuous filtration and less disruption but requires some training
-not for overweight or severe kidney failure patients
Hemodialysis takes blood out of the body via a _____, and puts blood back into body
through a _____ - Correct Answers -PIV; central line
correct Answers
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - Correct Answers -Oncotic
Oncotic - Correct Answers -a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure - Correct Answers -albumin
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - Correct Answers -
Albumin
One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity - Correct Answers
-Possible answer: naive T cells
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult
patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - Correct Answers -Younger
patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means
that they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is
relatively weak compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When
these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives
clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
,Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions such as
thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - Correct Answers -osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes - Correct Answers --Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both What is true about Crohn's disease? Choose 3 answers -
Correct Answers -It is an inflammatory disease, a chronic disease, and an autoimmune
disease
A patient presents with severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting following several
days of heavy alcohol intake. The provider notes a dark-blue discoloration around the
umbilicus (Cullen's sign). What is the patient most likely experiencing? - Correct
Answers -Acute pancreatitis
A patient has been diagnosed with renal cancer. What manifestation would the provider
expect to see? - Correct Answers -Hematuria
- although renal cancers may be asymptomatic, hematuria is a common sign associated
with renal cancer
A patient has been diagnosed with ESRD and will be undergoing hemodialysis. Which
is true of hemodialysis? - Correct Answers -it can cause significant fluid shifts and place
the client at risk for hypotension
Fluid deficit risk factors - Correct Answers --Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations - Correct Answers --dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs - Correct Answers -Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are
causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain a blood pH
of _______ - Correct Answers -7.35-7.45
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood
pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?
,Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - Correct Answers -Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer
systems: - Correct Answers -proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of defense
is _____ - Correct Answers -respirations; kidneys
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - Correct Answers -The equation moves in
both directions
CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+ and
HCO3- ions - Correct Answers -toward the right
CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted to
CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled. - Correct Answers -toward the left
CO2 levels - Correct Answers -35-45
HCO3 levels - Correct Answers -22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact
Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
, His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream - Correct Answers -His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have
difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
There is a question about hypoventilation or hyperventilation - Correct Answers -
Metabolic acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in depth and rate to blow off CO2
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to increase CO2 retention
Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which is generating H+
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating less H+ in blood
What is excreted in response to fluid volume overload? - Correct Answers -Natriuretic
peptides
Natriuretic peptides - Correct Answers -hormonal signals released by the brain and
heart in response to excess fluid in the body
Natriuretic peptides signals _____ urine output and ____ fluid volume - Correct Answers
-increase; reduce
A hormonal panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume
overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's
attempt to reduce the fluid overload? - Correct Answers -BNP - it's released when fluid
volume excess is present
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis - Correct Answers -
Hemodialysis:
-machine pumps blood from the body and filters waste
-3x a week for hours in a clinic
-acute kidney failure
Peritoneal:
-no machine, injection into abdominal cavity and waste products diffuse into cavity then
drained
-continuous filtration and less disruption but requires some training
-not for overweight or severe kidney failure patients
Hemodialysis takes blood out of the body via a _____, and puts blood back into body
through a _____ - Correct Answers -PIV; central line
