ANTHRO 2B FINAL (EGAN)
macro-evolutionoo-ooans--evolutionooaboveootheoospeciesoolevel
micro-evolutionoo-ooans--evolutionoobelowootheoospeciesoolevel
speciationoo-ooans--
occursoowhenoooneoospeciesoosplitsoointoootwo,oowhichooinvolvesooaooreproductiveooisolat
ingoomechanism
exampleooofooreproductiveooisolationoobutooNOToospeciationoo-ooans--
leopardoofrogsooinooFloridaoovs.ooMaine,oocanoostillooreproduceoobutoojustoocan'toobecause
ootheyooareooisolated;oogeneooflowoocanoohappen
extrinsicooisolatingoomechanismoo-ooans--
factorsooproducingoogeographicooisolationoowhichoophysicallyooseparatesooindividualsoo(e
x:oomovementooofootectonicooplates;oomountains)
Intrinsic/ooPre-zygoticoo-ooans--
noooaoophysicaloobarrierooseparation;oothisooisolatingoomechanismoopreventsoospermoofro
moomeetingooegg;oopreventsoozygoteoofromooeverooforming
exampleooofoopre-zygoticooisolatingoomechanismoo-ooans--
differentoopineootreeoospeciesooproduceoopollenooatoodifferentootimesooofootheooyear
post-zygoticoo-ooans--
aoozygoteooformsoobutoomightoohaveooaoomutationoothatoowilloocauseooitootooodieooafter
examplesooofoopost-zygoticooisolatingoomechansimoo-ooans--
infantoocanoobeoobornoobutooisoosickooandoodies;ootheooresultantoooffspringooisoosterile!
fundamentalooprincipleooofoonaturalooselectionoo-ooans--
rateooofooevolutionaryoochangeooisoodirectlyooproportionalootoootheoodegreeooofoovariability
ooinootheoopopulation
corollaryoonaturalooselectionooprincipleoo-ooans--
fateooofooallooevolutionaryoolineagesooisooextinction;oo99.9%ooofooalloolineagesooeverooexis
tingooonooEarthoowentooextinct
anagenesisoo-ooans--
changeooinooaoospeciesoooverooaoolongooperiodooofootime;oosupportsoogradualismootheoryo
oofooevolutionaryoochange
, cladogenesisoo-ooans--
suddenoosplitooresultsooinooformationooofoo2oospeciesoofromoo1oospecies;oosupportsoopunc
tuatedootheoryooofooevolutionaryoochange
phyleticoogradualsimoo-ooans--
emphasizesooanagenesis;ooslowoochangeoooverootimeoothatooleadsootoooformationooofooao
onewoospecies
punctuatedooequilibriumoo-ooans--
emphasizesoocladogenesis;ooevolutionaryoochangeoofromoosuddenoospeciationooevents
adaptiveooradiationoo-ooans--
rapidooexpansionoo&oodiversificationooofooaoogroupooofooorganismsooasootheyooadaptootooo
aoonewlyooavailableooecologicaloospace;ooinvolvesoorapidoospeciation/
cladogenesis;oooccursoofromoonewoochangesoothatooopenooupoopotentialoonewoohabitatsoo
toooaoogroupooofooorganisms
whatootypeooofootheoryooofooevolutionaryoochangeoodoesooaoophylogeneticootreeoomodel?
oo-ooans--theoopunctuatedooequilibriumootheoryooofooevolutionaryoochange
exampleooofooadaptiveooradiationoo-ooans--
SouthooAmericanoofinchoogoesootoooGalapagosooIslandsoo(speciesoowithooHIGHooadaptiv
eoopotentialooinvadesooaoonewoolocal)
anotherooexampleooofooadaptiveooradiationoo-ooans--
mutationsooproduceoomajorooadaptiveooshiftoosuchooasootheooevolutionooofootheooamniotic
ooegg;oomutationsoogiveooyouooaoonewoowayooofoousingooanooenvironmentoothatoonooooneo
oelseoohas
generalizedoo-ooans--
speciesooableootoooexploitooaoowideoorangeooofooecologicaloospace;ooaoojackooofooallootrad
esooandooaceooofoonone
specializedoo-ooans--speciesooareoospecializedootoooaoonarrowlyoodefinedooeco-
niche;ooaceooofoooneootrade
generalizedoovs.oospecializedoospeciesoo-ooans--
generalizedoospeciesootendootooostartooadaptiveooradiationooandoohaveoomoreoopotentialoo
tooosurvive/adapt;oowhenoospeciesoospecialize,oocompetitionoocanoocauseoospeciation
evolutionaryoohomologyoo-ooans--
usefuloosimilarity;oosimilaritiesooinoostructuresoodueootoooCOMMONooANCESTRY;ootheiroo
similaroostructuresoohaveooDIFFERENToofunctions
macro-evolutionoo-ooans--evolutionooaboveootheoospeciesoolevel
micro-evolutionoo-ooans--evolutionoobelowootheoospeciesoolevel
speciationoo-ooans--
occursoowhenoooneoospeciesoosplitsoointoootwo,oowhichooinvolvesooaooreproductiveooisolat
ingoomechanism
exampleooofooreproductiveooisolationoobutooNOToospeciationoo-ooans--
leopardoofrogsooinooFloridaoovs.ooMaine,oocanoostillooreproduceoobutoojustoocan'toobecause
ootheyooareooisolated;oogeneooflowoocanoohappen
extrinsicooisolatingoomechanismoo-ooans--
factorsooproducingoogeographicooisolationoowhichoophysicallyooseparatesooindividualsoo(e
x:oomovementooofootectonicooplates;oomountains)
Intrinsic/ooPre-zygoticoo-ooans--
noooaoophysicaloobarrierooseparation;oothisooisolatingoomechanismoopreventsoospermoofro
moomeetingooegg;oopreventsoozygoteoofromooeverooforming
exampleooofoopre-zygoticooisolatingoomechanismoo-ooans--
differentoopineootreeoospeciesooproduceoopollenooatoodifferentootimesooofootheooyear
post-zygoticoo-ooans--
aoozygoteooformsoobutoomightoohaveooaoomutationoothatoowilloocauseooitootooodieooafter
examplesooofoopost-zygoticooisolatingoomechansimoo-ooans--
infantoocanoobeoobornoobutooisoosickooandoodies;ootheooresultantoooffspringooisoosterile!
fundamentalooprincipleooofoonaturalooselectionoo-ooans--
rateooofooevolutionaryoochangeooisoodirectlyooproportionalootoootheoodegreeooofoovariability
ooinootheoopopulation
corollaryoonaturalooselectionooprincipleoo-ooans--
fateooofooallooevolutionaryoolineagesooisooextinction;oo99.9%ooofooalloolineagesooeverooexis
tingooonooEarthoowentooextinct
anagenesisoo-ooans--
changeooinooaoospeciesoooverooaoolongooperiodooofootime;oosupportsoogradualismootheoryo
oofooevolutionaryoochange
, cladogenesisoo-ooans--
suddenoosplitooresultsooinooformationooofoo2oospeciesoofromoo1oospecies;oosupportsoopunc
tuatedootheoryooofooevolutionaryoochange
phyleticoogradualsimoo-ooans--
emphasizesooanagenesis;ooslowoochangeoooverootimeoothatooleadsootoooformationooofooao
onewoospecies
punctuatedooequilibriumoo-ooans--
emphasizesoocladogenesis;ooevolutionaryoochangeoofromoosuddenoospeciationooevents
adaptiveooradiationoo-ooans--
rapidooexpansionoo&oodiversificationooofooaoogroupooofooorganismsooasootheyooadaptootooo
aoonewlyooavailableooecologicaloospace;ooinvolvesoorapidoospeciation/
cladogenesis;oooccursoofromoonewoochangesoothatooopenooupoopotentialoonewoohabitatsoo
toooaoogroupooofooorganisms
whatootypeooofootheoryooofooevolutionaryoochangeoodoesooaoophylogeneticootreeoomodel?
oo-ooans--theoopunctuatedooequilibriumootheoryooofooevolutionaryoochange
exampleooofooadaptiveooradiationoo-ooans--
SouthooAmericanoofinchoogoesootoooGalapagosooIslandsoo(speciesoowithooHIGHooadaptiv
eoopotentialooinvadesooaoonewoolocal)
anotherooexampleooofooadaptiveooradiationoo-ooans--
mutationsooproduceoomajorooadaptiveooshiftoosuchooasootheooevolutionooofootheooamniotic
ooegg;oomutationsoogiveooyouooaoonewoowayooofoousingooanooenvironmentoothatoonooooneo
oelseoohas
generalizedoo-ooans--
speciesooableootoooexploitooaoowideoorangeooofooecologicaloospace;ooaoojackooofooallootrad
esooandooaceooofoonone
specializedoo-ooans--speciesooareoospecializedootoooaoonarrowlyoodefinedooeco-
niche;ooaceooofoooneootrade
generalizedoovs.oospecializedoospeciesoo-ooans--
generalizedoospeciesootendootooostartooadaptiveooradiationooandoohaveoomoreoopotentialoo
tooosurvive/adapt;oowhenoospeciesoospecialize,oocompetitionoocanoocauseoospeciation
evolutionaryoohomologyoo-ooans--
usefuloosimilarity;oosimilaritiesooinoostructuresoodueootoooCOMMONooANCESTRY;ootheiroo
similaroostructuresoohaveooDIFFERENToofunctions