OCCTH 585 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers
What does pain indicate? - AnswerTissue damage, and it is a protective mechanism
/.What are the three types of pain? - Answeracute, chronic, persistent
/.What is acute pain? - Answer- sharp and immediate
- at the onset of tissue damage
/.What is persistent pain? - Answer- *sore achy pain*
- telling us we still have tissue damage and that we are still trying to repair and protect
the tissue
/.What is chronic pain? - Answer- Continued expression of pain in the absence of
damaged tissue
- creates dysfunction and disability
- maladaptive (serves no purpose)
/.What is a nocioceptor? - AnswerPain Receptor / Pain Sensor`
/.What are the types of nocioceptors? - Answer- A delta
- C-fibre
/.What is an A-delta fiber? - Answer- Myelinated
- Conducts at a fast rate
- detects acute onset of tissue
/.What type of pain does an A-delta fibre detect? - AnswerACUTE
- *"A"* Delta for *A*cute
/.What is a c-fibre? - Answer- unmyelinated
- conducts at a slower rate
- detects more persistent pain
/.What type of pain does a c-fibre predict? - AnswerPersistent pain
/.What type of fibre predicts the sore achy pain? - AnswerC-Fibre
/.What type of fibre predicts the pain at the onset of tissue damage? - AnswerA-delta
/.What is the type of tactile nocioceptor? - AnswerA-beta fibre
/.What is an a-beta fibre? - Answer- localizes the tissue damage and maps where the
painful stimuli is coming from
,/.In the absence of what fibre are we now not able to localize the area of an injury? -
Answer- The absence of an a-beta fibre
/.What do a-beta fibres contribute to? - Answer-hyperalgesia
-allodynia
/.What type of neurotransmitter does the a-beta fibre release? - AnswerGlutamate
/.A-delta fibres and C-fibres work together to produce what? - AnswerFirst and second
pain
/.What is first and second pain? - Answer- First pain occurs at the time of an injury (ex:
you stub your toe against a table and scream in pain)
- Second pain occurs for the rest of the day (ex: sore achy pain that reminds you that
you stubbed your toe)
/.What conducts at a faster rate? A-delta fibres or C-fibres? - AnswerA-delta because
they are myelinated
/.What is hyperalgesia? - Answer- increased sensitivity to painful stimuli
/.What is allodynia? - Answer- Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke
pain
- Increase pain perception usually at undamaged tissue surrounding the tissue injury
- ex: when you break your ankle, tissue damage is in the bones/ligaments, but if you
touch the skin surrounding it you will receive a painful sensation even though the skin is
not the source of the injury
/.What type of neurotransmitter is released by free nerve endings? - AnswerSubstance
P
/.In hyperalgesia and allodynia, substance P activates, which causes? - Answer-
Substance P activates masked cells which causes vasodilation of the capillary =
increased blood flow to damaged tissue, and swelling to injury site
/.In hyperalgesia and allodynia in the periphery, masked cells release what? - Answer-
Histamine
/.What does histamine do? - Answer- indicates swelling
- increases sensitivity to free nerve endings (causes itchiness to damages tissue area)
/.In hyperalgesia and allodynia of the central system, substance P is only released if? -
AnswerSubstance P is only released with a high frequency of activation
/.What NT binds to NMDA receptors? - AnswerGlutamate
, /.What NT binds to AMPA receptors? - AnswerGlutamate
/.What is Wallerian degeneration? - AnswerProximal Segment Change + Distal
Segment Change after a nerve injury = wallerian degeneration
/.After a nerve injury occurs, what happens in the proximal segment? What is the
proximal segment change? - Answer**Main events that occur: chromatolysis and
degeneration of myelin and schwann cells to the adjacent node**
/.Explain the steps that occur during the proximal segment change following a nerve
injury (aka: chromatolysis) - Answer1) nucleus migrates to the periphery of the cell body
2) nissel bodies surround the nucleus
3) cell body swells
4) DNA from the nucleus gets turned into mRNA
5) mRNA goes to the nissel bodies and creates a protein
6) protein gets packaged into vesicles
7) vesicles with the proteins in it get transported to the injury site to repair the injury
/.What happens in the distal segment change after a nerve injury? - Answer1) cell
membrane breaks down which causes the release of histamine and serotonin
2) serotonin and histamine attract into macrophages
3) macrophages enter and eat up all the axonal and myelin fragments that were
previously broken down.
/.True or False: Collateral sprouting occurs over large distances - Answer- False
- Collateral sprouting does not occur over large distances, it will only grow to nearby
targets or over short distances
/.True or False: Collateral Sprouting will occur in either an active or inactive neuron -
AnswerFalse
- Collateral sprouting only occurs in active neurons. The more active a neuron is, the
more likely it is to be taken up
/.What maintains a synapse? - AnswerNeurotrophins released by dendritic spines
/.Collateral sprouting depends on what portion of a neuron? - AnswerThe dendrite
/.What is a growth cone? - Answer- part of a growing axon that has appendages sticking
out in multiple directions (called filipodia) which are reaching out and looking for
chemical cues
/.What are guide cells? - Answer- are cells within a growing embryo that produce
chemical signals for growth, and fill gaps to out target cell
/.What helps neurons grow over large distances? - AnswerGuide cells
What does pain indicate? - AnswerTissue damage, and it is a protective mechanism
/.What are the three types of pain? - Answeracute, chronic, persistent
/.What is acute pain? - Answer- sharp and immediate
- at the onset of tissue damage
/.What is persistent pain? - Answer- *sore achy pain*
- telling us we still have tissue damage and that we are still trying to repair and protect
the tissue
/.What is chronic pain? - Answer- Continued expression of pain in the absence of
damaged tissue
- creates dysfunction and disability
- maladaptive (serves no purpose)
/.What is a nocioceptor? - AnswerPain Receptor / Pain Sensor`
/.What are the types of nocioceptors? - Answer- A delta
- C-fibre
/.What is an A-delta fiber? - Answer- Myelinated
- Conducts at a fast rate
- detects acute onset of tissue
/.What type of pain does an A-delta fibre detect? - AnswerACUTE
- *"A"* Delta for *A*cute
/.What is a c-fibre? - Answer- unmyelinated
- conducts at a slower rate
- detects more persistent pain
/.What type of pain does a c-fibre predict? - AnswerPersistent pain
/.What type of fibre predicts the sore achy pain? - AnswerC-Fibre
/.What type of fibre predicts the pain at the onset of tissue damage? - AnswerA-delta
/.What is the type of tactile nocioceptor? - AnswerA-beta fibre
/.What is an a-beta fibre? - Answer- localizes the tissue damage and maps where the
painful stimuli is coming from
,/.In the absence of what fibre are we now not able to localize the area of an injury? -
Answer- The absence of an a-beta fibre
/.What do a-beta fibres contribute to? - Answer-hyperalgesia
-allodynia
/.What type of neurotransmitter does the a-beta fibre release? - AnswerGlutamate
/.A-delta fibres and C-fibres work together to produce what? - AnswerFirst and second
pain
/.What is first and second pain? - Answer- First pain occurs at the time of an injury (ex:
you stub your toe against a table and scream in pain)
- Second pain occurs for the rest of the day (ex: sore achy pain that reminds you that
you stubbed your toe)
/.What conducts at a faster rate? A-delta fibres or C-fibres? - AnswerA-delta because
they are myelinated
/.What is hyperalgesia? - Answer- increased sensitivity to painful stimuli
/.What is allodynia? - Answer- Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke
pain
- Increase pain perception usually at undamaged tissue surrounding the tissue injury
- ex: when you break your ankle, tissue damage is in the bones/ligaments, but if you
touch the skin surrounding it you will receive a painful sensation even though the skin is
not the source of the injury
/.What type of neurotransmitter is released by free nerve endings? - AnswerSubstance
P
/.In hyperalgesia and allodynia, substance P activates, which causes? - Answer-
Substance P activates masked cells which causes vasodilation of the capillary =
increased blood flow to damaged tissue, and swelling to injury site
/.In hyperalgesia and allodynia in the periphery, masked cells release what? - Answer-
Histamine
/.What does histamine do? - Answer- indicates swelling
- increases sensitivity to free nerve endings (causes itchiness to damages tissue area)
/.In hyperalgesia and allodynia of the central system, substance P is only released if? -
AnswerSubstance P is only released with a high frequency of activation
/.What NT binds to NMDA receptors? - AnswerGlutamate
, /.What NT binds to AMPA receptors? - AnswerGlutamate
/.What is Wallerian degeneration? - AnswerProximal Segment Change + Distal
Segment Change after a nerve injury = wallerian degeneration
/.After a nerve injury occurs, what happens in the proximal segment? What is the
proximal segment change? - Answer**Main events that occur: chromatolysis and
degeneration of myelin and schwann cells to the adjacent node**
/.Explain the steps that occur during the proximal segment change following a nerve
injury (aka: chromatolysis) - Answer1) nucleus migrates to the periphery of the cell body
2) nissel bodies surround the nucleus
3) cell body swells
4) DNA from the nucleus gets turned into mRNA
5) mRNA goes to the nissel bodies and creates a protein
6) protein gets packaged into vesicles
7) vesicles with the proteins in it get transported to the injury site to repair the injury
/.What happens in the distal segment change after a nerve injury? - Answer1) cell
membrane breaks down which causes the release of histamine and serotonin
2) serotonin and histamine attract into macrophages
3) macrophages enter and eat up all the axonal and myelin fragments that were
previously broken down.
/.True or False: Collateral sprouting occurs over large distances - Answer- False
- Collateral sprouting does not occur over large distances, it will only grow to nearby
targets or over short distances
/.True or False: Collateral Sprouting will occur in either an active or inactive neuron -
AnswerFalse
- Collateral sprouting only occurs in active neurons. The more active a neuron is, the
more likely it is to be taken up
/.What maintains a synapse? - AnswerNeurotrophins released by dendritic spines
/.Collateral sprouting depends on what portion of a neuron? - AnswerThe dendrite
/.What is a growth cone? - Answer- part of a growing axon that has appendages sticking
out in multiple directions (called filipodia) which are reaching out and looking for
chemical cues
/.What are guide cells? - Answer- are cells within a growing embryo that produce
chemical signals for growth, and fill gaps to out target cell
/.What helps neurons grow over large distances? - AnswerGuide cells
