BIO-319 (FOR GCU'S BIO-319) FINAL
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Chronic Diseases definition - ANSWER-a disease that is slow in progression and long in
duration
- influenced by behavior
- heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes
Choices in food selection - ANSWER-1.Personal preference
2. ethnicity
3. habit or ritual
4. social
5. availability, convenience, or economy
6. Positive and negative feelings
- first step to eating change: AWARENESS
7. Values (religious or environmental concerns)
8. Appearance
8. Nutrition and health benefits
Macronutrients - ANSWER-Fats, proteins, lipids and carbs
Energy yield of cabs - ANSWER-4 kcal/g
Energy yield of Fat - ANSWER-9 kcals/g
Energy yield of protein - ANSWER-4 kcal/g'
What does AMDR stand for? - ANSWER-Acceptable Macronutriend Distribution Range
- Acceptable energy and nutrient values for healthy people
- adjsuted for people with chronic disease or malnourished
AMDR for Carbs - ANSWER-45-65% should make up your diet
AMDR for Protein - ANSWER-10-35%
AMDR for fat - ANSWER-20-35%
Alchohol characteristics - ANSWER-Energy yield: 7 kcal/g
No nutrients (a simple sugar)
Contributes to obesity because it activates neurons that increase apetite
,DRI definition - ANSWER-Dietary Reference Intake
- the calories, nutrients, and physical activity that applies to HEALTHY PEOPLE
EAR - ANSWER-Estimated Average Requirement
- The amounts that meet half of the population
- not what were going for
RDA - ANSWER-Recommended Daily Allowance
- Nutrient recommendations that meet top end- the 98%
- numbers that people should strive for
AI - ANSWER-Adequate Intakes
- Used in liue of ears if theres insufficient evidence
UL - ANSWER-Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
- Max you should eat of a food
Which products are not required to have a food label - ANSWER-1. Those that dont
have a lot of nutrition (tea, spices)'
2. Small businesses
3. If food is made and sold in the same vacinity
4. Markets with non packaged items
Food labels and restaurants - ANSWER-Restaurants must supply the amount of
calories, sodium, and grams of saturated fat if they have 20+ locations
Required nutrient information on a food label - ANSWER-1. Total. Energy
2. Energy from Fat
3. Fat breakdown
- saturated fat
- trans fat
-cholestrol
4. Sodium
5. Total Carbohydrates
6. Fiber
7. Sugars
8. Protein
9. Vitamins A, C, Iron and Calcium
Food Label Category: Nutrient - ANSWER--Must include a specific amount of nutrient
within that food
-Speficic: Contains 5g of Fiber
-General: Fat Free
Could also contain "low", "high"
Requires FDA approval
,Glucose vs Glycogen - ANSWER-Glycogen is the stored version (in liver and skeletal
muscles)
Glycogen is normally broken down for sugar, but the food industry bypasses this
Glucose is preferred energy source for rbc's, brain, and nerves
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: insulin - ANSWER-Lowers blood glucose levels in the
body
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: Glucagon and Epinephrine - ANSWER-Raise blood
glucose levels by breaking glucagon back down to glucose
Food Label Category: Health - ANSWER-Must have 1) Food component and 2)
disease/condition
Also needs FDA approval
Example: "diets low in sodium may reduce heart disease"
Food Label Category: Structure-Function - ANSWER-Does not make claims about
specific disease
Designed to mislead
Does not need FDA approval
Ex: Promotes a healthy heart
Vegetarian Diets (what, why its good, and benefits) - ANSWER-WHAT: Little to no meat
WHY:
-Removing one serving reduces chronic disease
-Animal meat has saturated fat
-Processed meat has carcinogens
BENEFITS:
- lower obesity rates
-Decreased risk of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and cancer
Overnutrition - ANSWER-Can lead to cardiovascular disease
Undernutrtition - ANSWER-Reduced Iron which can cause anemia
Reduced Iodine which causes stillbirths
Reduced vitamin A which causes blindness, compromised growth, retardation
Hunger linked to - ANSWER-Population growth
Environmental Destruction
Poverty
Population growth - ANSWER-Slowing population growth
-decreases death rate
-Increased health knowledge
- important because pop growth leads to poverty and hunger
, Food production: Megafarming - ANSWER-more pollutants
Loss of natural ecosystems
Herbicides/pesticides
70% of pollution in rivers and streams due to bad farming
Megafarming, water scarcity, and raising livestock lead to: - ANSWER-chronic disease
and obesity
Types of Sugars - ANSWER-monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-Simple sugars
glucose, Sucrose is the sweetest
Disaccharides - ANSWER-Lactose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-Glycogen
Starch
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: normal range - ANSWER-77-99
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: prediabetic range - ANSWER-100-125
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: Diabetic range - ANSWER-+126
Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER-Body attacks pancrease and it makes insufficient insulin
Genetic
Type 2 Diabetes - ANSWER-Failure to make enough insulin for bodies needs
Desensitive
Saturated fats contribute
Hypoglycemia - ANSWER-Blood glucose is below normal
Symptoms: Weakness, rapid heart rate, anxiety, sweating,
hunger, trembling
More common in diabetics
Eat more fiber because it makes the storing of sugar steady
Hunger symptoms - ANSWER-fatigue, sleepiness, difficulty concentration, poor
coordination, susceptibility to making mistakes
Hanger caused by - ANSWER-circulating cortisol due to low blood glucose and can
make you aggressive
Added Sugar Dietary Guidelines - ANSWER-Exceeded by every age bracket
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Chronic Diseases definition - ANSWER-a disease that is slow in progression and long in
duration
- influenced by behavior
- heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes
Choices in food selection - ANSWER-1.Personal preference
2. ethnicity
3. habit or ritual
4. social
5. availability, convenience, or economy
6. Positive and negative feelings
- first step to eating change: AWARENESS
7. Values (religious or environmental concerns)
8. Appearance
8. Nutrition and health benefits
Macronutrients - ANSWER-Fats, proteins, lipids and carbs
Energy yield of cabs - ANSWER-4 kcal/g
Energy yield of Fat - ANSWER-9 kcals/g
Energy yield of protein - ANSWER-4 kcal/g'
What does AMDR stand for? - ANSWER-Acceptable Macronutriend Distribution Range
- Acceptable energy and nutrient values for healthy people
- adjsuted for people with chronic disease or malnourished
AMDR for Carbs - ANSWER-45-65% should make up your diet
AMDR for Protein - ANSWER-10-35%
AMDR for fat - ANSWER-20-35%
Alchohol characteristics - ANSWER-Energy yield: 7 kcal/g
No nutrients (a simple sugar)
Contributes to obesity because it activates neurons that increase apetite
,DRI definition - ANSWER-Dietary Reference Intake
- the calories, nutrients, and physical activity that applies to HEALTHY PEOPLE
EAR - ANSWER-Estimated Average Requirement
- The amounts that meet half of the population
- not what were going for
RDA - ANSWER-Recommended Daily Allowance
- Nutrient recommendations that meet top end- the 98%
- numbers that people should strive for
AI - ANSWER-Adequate Intakes
- Used in liue of ears if theres insufficient evidence
UL - ANSWER-Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
- Max you should eat of a food
Which products are not required to have a food label - ANSWER-1. Those that dont
have a lot of nutrition (tea, spices)'
2. Small businesses
3. If food is made and sold in the same vacinity
4. Markets with non packaged items
Food labels and restaurants - ANSWER-Restaurants must supply the amount of
calories, sodium, and grams of saturated fat if they have 20+ locations
Required nutrient information on a food label - ANSWER-1. Total. Energy
2. Energy from Fat
3. Fat breakdown
- saturated fat
- trans fat
-cholestrol
4. Sodium
5. Total Carbohydrates
6. Fiber
7. Sugars
8. Protein
9. Vitamins A, C, Iron and Calcium
Food Label Category: Nutrient - ANSWER--Must include a specific amount of nutrient
within that food
-Speficic: Contains 5g of Fiber
-General: Fat Free
Could also contain "low", "high"
Requires FDA approval
,Glucose vs Glycogen - ANSWER-Glycogen is the stored version (in liver and skeletal
muscles)
Glycogen is normally broken down for sugar, but the food industry bypasses this
Glucose is preferred energy source for rbc's, brain, and nerves
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: insulin - ANSWER-Lowers blood glucose levels in the
body
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: Glucagon and Epinephrine - ANSWER-Raise blood
glucose levels by breaking glucagon back down to glucose
Food Label Category: Health - ANSWER-Must have 1) Food component and 2)
disease/condition
Also needs FDA approval
Example: "diets low in sodium may reduce heart disease"
Food Label Category: Structure-Function - ANSWER-Does not make claims about
specific disease
Designed to mislead
Does not need FDA approval
Ex: Promotes a healthy heart
Vegetarian Diets (what, why its good, and benefits) - ANSWER-WHAT: Little to no meat
WHY:
-Removing one serving reduces chronic disease
-Animal meat has saturated fat
-Processed meat has carcinogens
BENEFITS:
- lower obesity rates
-Decreased risk of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and cancer
Overnutrition - ANSWER-Can lead to cardiovascular disease
Undernutrtition - ANSWER-Reduced Iron which can cause anemia
Reduced Iodine which causes stillbirths
Reduced vitamin A which causes blindness, compromised growth, retardation
Hunger linked to - ANSWER-Population growth
Environmental Destruction
Poverty
Population growth - ANSWER-Slowing population growth
-decreases death rate
-Increased health knowledge
- important because pop growth leads to poverty and hunger
, Food production: Megafarming - ANSWER-more pollutants
Loss of natural ecosystems
Herbicides/pesticides
70% of pollution in rivers and streams due to bad farming
Megafarming, water scarcity, and raising livestock lead to: - ANSWER-chronic disease
and obesity
Types of Sugars - ANSWER-monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-Simple sugars
glucose, Sucrose is the sweetest
Disaccharides - ANSWER-Lactose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-Glycogen
Starch
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: normal range - ANSWER-77-99
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: prediabetic range - ANSWER-100-125
Blood Glucose Homeostasis: Diabetic range - ANSWER-+126
Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER-Body attacks pancrease and it makes insufficient insulin
Genetic
Type 2 Diabetes - ANSWER-Failure to make enough insulin for bodies needs
Desensitive
Saturated fats contribute
Hypoglycemia - ANSWER-Blood glucose is below normal
Symptoms: Weakness, rapid heart rate, anxiety, sweating,
hunger, trembling
More common in diabetics
Eat more fiber because it makes the storing of sugar steady
Hunger symptoms - ANSWER-fatigue, sleepiness, difficulty concentration, poor
coordination, susceptibility to making mistakes
Hanger caused by - ANSWER-circulating cortisol due to low blood glucose and can
make you aggressive
Added Sugar Dietary Guidelines - ANSWER-Exceeded by every age bracket
