©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The Immune System by Parham (Chapter 1)
Exam Questions With Verified Answers
Immune - Answers✔resistant to infection
Immune System - Answers✔the tissues, cells, and molecules involved in the defense of the body
against infectious agents
Immunity - Answers✔the ability to resist a specific infection
Immunization (vaccination) - Answers✔the deliberate provocation of an adaptive immune
response by introducing antigen into the body
Commensal - Answers✔a microorganism that habitually lives on or in the human body; one that
normally causes no disease or harm and can be beneficial
Microbiota - Answers✔the microorganisms that habitually live in or on the human body; they
normally do not cause disease and in many cases provide positive benefit
Pathogen - Answers✔an organism, most commonly a microorganism, that can cause disease
Opportunistic pathogen - Answers✔a microorganism that causes disease only in individuals
whose immune systems are in some way compromised
Bacteria - Answers✔(singular bacterium) diverse prokaryotic microorganisms that are
responsible for many infectious diseases of humans and other animals. Some bacterial pathogens
live only extracellularly, colonizing tissue surfaces and intercellular spaces; others can invade
cells and live intracellularly.
Viruses - Answers✔submicroscopic pathogen composed of a nucleic acid genome enclosed in a
protein coat. Viruses replicate only inside living cells because they do not possess all the
metabolic machinery require for independent life. A viral particle is called a virion.
Fungi - Answers✔a group of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic organisms, including the
yeasts and molds, that can cause a variety of diseases. Immunity to fungi involves both antibody-
mediated responses.
1
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Parasites - Answers✔general name for the unicellular protozoa and multicellular worms that
infect animals and humans and live within them, causing disease.
Epithelium - Answers✔(plural epithelia) general name for a type of supracellular structure
composed of a single layer (for example the lining of the gut and respiratory tract) or multiple
layers (for ex. the epidermis) of cells bound tightly to each other. They are generally found as
surface layers that communicate between the rest of the tissue and its environment. Epithelia line
the internal and external cavities of the body, and are also part of many internal organs.
Mucosal Surfaces - Answers✔(mucosa) mucus-secreting epithelium such as that lining the
respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. The mammary glands and the conjunctiva of the eye
are also considered in this category. Mucosal epithelium communicates with the external
environment and is the route of entry of most pathogens.
Mucus - Answers✔slimy protective secretion composed of glycoproteins, proteoglycans,
peptides, and enzymes that is produced by the goblet cells in many internal epithelia.
Innate immune response - Answers✔immune response that is initiated immediately on infection
and does not depend on lymphocytes. it depends on host defenses such as complement,
neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells, which provide nonspecific defense agains a wide range
of pathogens. This response does not generate immunological memory.
Effector mechanisms - Answers✔any of the physiological and cellular processes used by the
immune system to destroy pathogens and remove them from the body.
Effector cells - Answers✔a terminally differentiated activated lymphocyte that can kill pathogens
or remove them from the body without the need for further differentiation.
Complement - Answers✔collection of plasma proteins that act in a cascade of reactions to attack
extracellular forms of pathogens in extracellular spaces and the blood. Pathogens become coated
with complement proteins, which can either kill the pathogen directly or facilitate its engulfment
and destruction by phagocytes. It is involved in both innate and adaptive immunity and is
activated either directly or indirectly by the presence of infection.
Innate Immunity - Answers✔the host defense mechanism that act from the start of an infection
and do not adapt to a particular pathogen or generate immunological memory.
Cytokines - Answers✔any of the large number of proteins secreted by cells that act locally to
change the behavior of neighboring cells. Cytokines act by binding to specific receptors on their
target cells. Cytokines made by lymphocytes are often called lymphokines or interleukins
(abbreviated IL).
Inflammation - Answers✔general term for the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and
white blood cells that is initiated by physical injury, infection, or a local immune response. It is
also known as an inflammatory response. The cells that invade tissues and help mediate
inflammation are often called inflammatory cells. Those cytokines that promote inflammation
are known as inflammatory cytokines.
2
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The Immune System by Parham (Chapter 1)
Exam Questions With Verified Answers
Immune - Answers✔resistant to infection
Immune System - Answers✔the tissues, cells, and molecules involved in the defense of the body
against infectious agents
Immunity - Answers✔the ability to resist a specific infection
Immunization (vaccination) - Answers✔the deliberate provocation of an adaptive immune
response by introducing antigen into the body
Commensal - Answers✔a microorganism that habitually lives on or in the human body; one that
normally causes no disease or harm and can be beneficial
Microbiota - Answers✔the microorganisms that habitually live in or on the human body; they
normally do not cause disease and in many cases provide positive benefit
Pathogen - Answers✔an organism, most commonly a microorganism, that can cause disease
Opportunistic pathogen - Answers✔a microorganism that causes disease only in individuals
whose immune systems are in some way compromised
Bacteria - Answers✔(singular bacterium) diverse prokaryotic microorganisms that are
responsible for many infectious diseases of humans and other animals. Some bacterial pathogens
live only extracellularly, colonizing tissue surfaces and intercellular spaces; others can invade
cells and live intracellularly.
Viruses - Answers✔submicroscopic pathogen composed of a nucleic acid genome enclosed in a
protein coat. Viruses replicate only inside living cells because they do not possess all the
metabolic machinery require for independent life. A viral particle is called a virion.
Fungi - Answers✔a group of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic organisms, including the
yeasts and molds, that can cause a variety of diseases. Immunity to fungi involves both antibody-
mediated responses.
1
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Parasites - Answers✔general name for the unicellular protozoa and multicellular worms that
infect animals and humans and live within them, causing disease.
Epithelium - Answers✔(plural epithelia) general name for a type of supracellular structure
composed of a single layer (for example the lining of the gut and respiratory tract) or multiple
layers (for ex. the epidermis) of cells bound tightly to each other. They are generally found as
surface layers that communicate between the rest of the tissue and its environment. Epithelia line
the internal and external cavities of the body, and are also part of many internal organs.
Mucosal Surfaces - Answers✔(mucosa) mucus-secreting epithelium such as that lining the
respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. The mammary glands and the conjunctiva of the eye
are also considered in this category. Mucosal epithelium communicates with the external
environment and is the route of entry of most pathogens.
Mucus - Answers✔slimy protective secretion composed of glycoproteins, proteoglycans,
peptides, and enzymes that is produced by the goblet cells in many internal epithelia.
Innate immune response - Answers✔immune response that is initiated immediately on infection
and does not depend on lymphocytes. it depends on host defenses such as complement,
neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells, which provide nonspecific defense agains a wide range
of pathogens. This response does not generate immunological memory.
Effector mechanisms - Answers✔any of the physiological and cellular processes used by the
immune system to destroy pathogens and remove them from the body.
Effector cells - Answers✔a terminally differentiated activated lymphocyte that can kill pathogens
or remove them from the body without the need for further differentiation.
Complement - Answers✔collection of plasma proteins that act in a cascade of reactions to attack
extracellular forms of pathogens in extracellular spaces and the blood. Pathogens become coated
with complement proteins, which can either kill the pathogen directly or facilitate its engulfment
and destruction by phagocytes. It is involved in both innate and adaptive immunity and is
activated either directly or indirectly by the presence of infection.
Innate Immunity - Answers✔the host defense mechanism that act from the start of an infection
and do not adapt to a particular pathogen or generate immunological memory.
Cytokines - Answers✔any of the large number of proteins secreted by cells that act locally to
change the behavior of neighboring cells. Cytokines act by binding to specific receptors on their
target cells. Cytokines made by lymphocytes are often called lymphokines or interleukins
(abbreviated IL).
Inflammation - Answers✔general term for the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and
white blood cells that is initiated by physical injury, infection, or a local immune response. It is
also known as an inflammatory response. The cells that invade tissues and help mediate
inflammation are often called inflammatory cells. Those cytokines that promote inflammation
are known as inflammatory cytokines.
2
