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BIOLOGIE LO & BW
2023-2024
Sarah Bellens
, Inhoud
kenmerken van leven............................................................................................................................... 6
Hiërarchische organisa e ........................................................................................................................ 6
Cellulair niveau .................................................................................................................................... 6
Organismaal niveau ............................................................................................................................. 7
Popula eniveau ................................................................................................................................... 7
Biologie als wetenschap .......................................................................................................................... 8
Wetenschappelijke methode............................................................................................................... 8
Evolu etheorie .................................................................................................................................... 8
Charles Darwin ................................................................................................................................ 8
Thomas Malthus .............................................................................................................................. 8
De evolu etheorie van Darwin........................................................................................................ 8
Darwin’s bewijzen ................................................................................................................................ 8
Post Darwin bewijs voor evolu e ........................................................................................................ 9
Structuur van atomen............................................................................................................................ 10
Geschiedenis ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Speciale atomen ................................................................................................................................ 11
Atomaire energieniveaus................................................................................................................... 11
Octeregel ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Orbitalen............................................................................................................................................ 12
Atomen in levende organisme ........................................................................................................... 12
Chemische bindingen ............................................................................................................................ 12
Chemische reac es............................................................................................................................ 14
Redoxreac es ................................................................................................................................ 14
Eigenschappen van water ...................................................................................................................... 14
Chemie van water .............................................................................................................................. 14
Eigenschappen................................................................................................................................... 14
Zuren en basen ...................................................................................................................................... 15
In cellen ............................................................................................................................................. 15
buffers............................................................................................................................................ 15
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................... 16
Koolstof.................................................................................................................................................. 16
Koolwaterstoffen ............................................................................................................................... 16
Andere organische moleculen ........................................................................................................... 16
Isomeren........................................................................................................................................ 17
Macromoleculen ................................................................................................................................... 18
2
, Vorming en a raak van polymeren .................................................................................................. 19
Koolhydraten (=polysacchariden) ...................................................................................................... 19
Monosacchariden .......................................................................................................................... 19
Disacchariden ................................................................................................................................ 20
Polysacchariden ............................................................................................................................. 21
Nucleïnezuren.................................................................................................................................... 22
DNA VS RNA ................................................................................................................................... 23
Hoogenerge sche nucleo den ..................................................................................................... 23
Proteinen ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Structuur van proteïnen ................................................................................................................ 26
Opvouwing van proteinen ............................................................................................................. 28
Ontvouwing van proteinen ............................................................................................................ 28
Lipiden ............................................................................................................................................... 28
Cis en transve en .......................................................................................................................... 29
Ve en ............................................................................................................................................ 29
terpenen ........................................................................................................................................ 30
steroiden........................................................................................................................................ 30
Fosfolipiden ................................................................................................................................... 30
Prostaglandines ............................................................................................................................. 31
Celtheorie .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Celgroo e is beperkt ............................................................................................................................. 32
Opbouw cel............................................................................................................................................ 32
Prokaryoten celstructuur ................................................................................................................... 33
Eukaryote celstructuur ...................................................................................................................... 34
........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Structuur van membranen .................................................................................................................... 46
Dubbele fosfolipiden laag .................................................................................................................. 47
Membraan proteïnen (=eiwi en) ...................................................................................................... 48
Membraantransport .............................................................................................................................. 51
........................................................................................................................................................... 51
Passief transport (hoog naar laag)..................................................................................................... 51
Diffusie........................................................................................................................................... 51
Gefaciliteerde diffusie.................................................................................................................... 52
Osmose .............................................................................................................................................. 54
Osmoregula e ............................................................................................................................... 56
Ac ef transport ..................................................................................................................................... 56
3
, Natrium/kalium pomp ....................................................................................................................... 57
Gekoppeld transport ......................................................................................................................... 58
Massatransport ..................................................................................................................................... 58
Energiemetabolisme.............................................................................................................................. 62
Cellulaire ademhaling ............................................................................................................................ 63
Enzymen ............................................................................................................................................ 63
Redoxreac es ................................................................................................................................ 64
Oxida e van glucose.......................................................................................................................... 66
Glycolyse ........................................................................................................................................ 67
Oxida e van pyruvaat ........................................................................................................................ 67
Krebcyclus = citroenzuurcyclus .......................................................................................................... 68
Ne oopbrengt aerobe oxida e glucose ........................................................................................ 68
Elektronentransportketen ................................................................................................................. 68
Regula e cellulaire ademhaling ........................................................................................................ 69
Oxida e zonder O2 ............................................................................................................................ 71
Fermenta e ................................................................................................................................... 71
Katabolisme van proteïnen.................................................................................................................... 72
Katabolisme van ve en ......................................................................................................................... 72
Evolu e van metabolisme ..................................................................................................................... 73
Overzicht van fotosynthese ................................................................................................................... 74
Chloroplasten .................................................................................................................................... 74
Pigmenten ............................................................................................................................................. 76
Chlorofyl ............................................................................................................................................ 78
Chlorofyl a ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Chlorofyl b ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Carotenoïden ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Pycobiloproteinen ............................................................................................................................. 79
Beta-caroteen .................................................................................................................................... 79
Pycoerythrin ...................................................................................................................................... 79
Fotosystemen ........................................................................................................................................ 79
Lichta ankelijke reac es ...................................................................................................................... 81
Fotosynthese met 1 fotosysteem ...................................................................................................... 81
Fotosynthese met 2 fotosystemen .................................................................................................... 82
ATP synthese door chemiosmose ...................................................................................................... 83
Lichtona ankelijke reac es .................................................................................................................. 83
Calvincyclus ....................................................................................................................................... 83
4
BIOLOGIE LO & BW
2023-2024
Sarah Bellens
, Inhoud
kenmerken van leven............................................................................................................................... 6
Hiërarchische organisa e ........................................................................................................................ 6
Cellulair niveau .................................................................................................................................... 6
Organismaal niveau ............................................................................................................................. 7
Popula eniveau ................................................................................................................................... 7
Biologie als wetenschap .......................................................................................................................... 8
Wetenschappelijke methode............................................................................................................... 8
Evolu etheorie .................................................................................................................................... 8
Charles Darwin ................................................................................................................................ 8
Thomas Malthus .............................................................................................................................. 8
De evolu etheorie van Darwin........................................................................................................ 8
Darwin’s bewijzen ................................................................................................................................ 8
Post Darwin bewijs voor evolu e ........................................................................................................ 9
Structuur van atomen............................................................................................................................ 10
Geschiedenis ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Speciale atomen ................................................................................................................................ 11
Atomaire energieniveaus................................................................................................................... 11
Octeregel ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Orbitalen............................................................................................................................................ 12
Atomen in levende organisme ........................................................................................................... 12
Chemische bindingen ............................................................................................................................ 12
Chemische reac es............................................................................................................................ 14
Redoxreac es ................................................................................................................................ 14
Eigenschappen van water ...................................................................................................................... 14
Chemie van water .............................................................................................................................. 14
Eigenschappen................................................................................................................................... 14
Zuren en basen ...................................................................................................................................... 15
In cellen ............................................................................................................................................. 15
buffers............................................................................................................................................ 15
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................... 16
Koolstof.................................................................................................................................................. 16
Koolwaterstoffen ............................................................................................................................... 16
Andere organische moleculen ........................................................................................................... 16
Isomeren........................................................................................................................................ 17
Macromoleculen ................................................................................................................................... 18
2
, Vorming en a raak van polymeren .................................................................................................. 19
Koolhydraten (=polysacchariden) ...................................................................................................... 19
Monosacchariden .......................................................................................................................... 19
Disacchariden ................................................................................................................................ 20
Polysacchariden ............................................................................................................................. 21
Nucleïnezuren.................................................................................................................................... 22
DNA VS RNA ................................................................................................................................... 23
Hoogenerge sche nucleo den ..................................................................................................... 23
Proteinen ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Structuur van proteïnen ................................................................................................................ 26
Opvouwing van proteinen ............................................................................................................. 28
Ontvouwing van proteinen ............................................................................................................ 28
Lipiden ............................................................................................................................................... 28
Cis en transve en .......................................................................................................................... 29
Ve en ............................................................................................................................................ 29
terpenen ........................................................................................................................................ 30
steroiden........................................................................................................................................ 30
Fosfolipiden ................................................................................................................................... 30
Prostaglandines ............................................................................................................................. 31
Celtheorie .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Celgroo e is beperkt ............................................................................................................................. 32
Opbouw cel............................................................................................................................................ 32
Prokaryoten celstructuur ................................................................................................................... 33
Eukaryote celstructuur ...................................................................................................................... 34
........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Structuur van membranen .................................................................................................................... 46
Dubbele fosfolipiden laag .................................................................................................................. 47
Membraan proteïnen (=eiwi en) ...................................................................................................... 48
Membraantransport .............................................................................................................................. 51
........................................................................................................................................................... 51
Passief transport (hoog naar laag)..................................................................................................... 51
Diffusie........................................................................................................................................... 51
Gefaciliteerde diffusie.................................................................................................................... 52
Osmose .............................................................................................................................................. 54
Osmoregula e ............................................................................................................................... 56
Ac ef transport ..................................................................................................................................... 56
3
, Natrium/kalium pomp ....................................................................................................................... 57
Gekoppeld transport ......................................................................................................................... 58
Massatransport ..................................................................................................................................... 58
Energiemetabolisme.............................................................................................................................. 62
Cellulaire ademhaling ............................................................................................................................ 63
Enzymen ............................................................................................................................................ 63
Redoxreac es ................................................................................................................................ 64
Oxida e van glucose.......................................................................................................................... 66
Glycolyse ........................................................................................................................................ 67
Oxida e van pyruvaat ........................................................................................................................ 67
Krebcyclus = citroenzuurcyclus .......................................................................................................... 68
Ne oopbrengt aerobe oxida e glucose ........................................................................................ 68
Elektronentransportketen ................................................................................................................. 68
Regula e cellulaire ademhaling ........................................................................................................ 69
Oxida e zonder O2 ............................................................................................................................ 71
Fermenta e ................................................................................................................................... 71
Katabolisme van proteïnen.................................................................................................................... 72
Katabolisme van ve en ......................................................................................................................... 72
Evolu e van metabolisme ..................................................................................................................... 73
Overzicht van fotosynthese ................................................................................................................... 74
Chloroplasten .................................................................................................................................... 74
Pigmenten ............................................................................................................................................. 76
Chlorofyl ............................................................................................................................................ 78
Chlorofyl a ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Chlorofyl b ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Carotenoïden ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Pycobiloproteinen ............................................................................................................................. 79
Beta-caroteen .................................................................................................................................... 79
Pycoerythrin ...................................................................................................................................... 79
Fotosystemen ........................................................................................................................................ 79
Lichta ankelijke reac es ...................................................................................................................... 81
Fotosynthese met 1 fotosysteem ...................................................................................................... 81
Fotosynthese met 2 fotosystemen .................................................................................................... 82
ATP synthese door chemiosmose ...................................................................................................... 83
Lichtona ankelijke reac es .................................................................................................................. 83
Calvincyclus ....................................................................................................................................... 83
4
