unit I summative exam
what are the S&S of dehydration in a child? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅decreased tears
decreased urine
decreased skin turgor
sunken fontanels (infants)
urine specific gravity > 1.03
hypotension (last symptom)
what are the symptoms of gastoenteritis? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅vomiting
high fever
what are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅projectile vomiting
non-bilious vomiting
what is the main symptom of malrotation? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅bilious vomiting
what is the main symptom of intussusception? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅bloody stools
S&S and Dx for meningitis? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅S&S: vomiting, fever, seizure,
nuchal rigidity
Dx: lumbar puncture
what are 2 main disorders that result in malabsorption? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CF and
celiac disease
describe the steps to calculating a pt's maintenance fluid - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅convert pt weight to kg
,4-2-1 rule for hourly maintenance: multiply 1st 10kg of body weight by 4, the next 10kg of body
weight by 2, and then the remaining body weight by 1
gives hourly maintenance in mL/hour
what are the 3 levels of dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅mild (3-5% weight loss)
moderate (6-9% weight loss)
severe (10%+ weight loss)
when would you utilize a fluid bolus? describe the calculations for a fluid bolus - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅use a fluid bolus in severe dehydration
fluid bolus should be 20mL/kg over 20-30 minutes; used to restore normal bp
what are the differences in treating a kid with hyponatremia and hypernatremia? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅tx of hyponatremia: need to administer fluid bolus then correct sodium to
avoid seizures
tx of hypernatremia: need to administer deficit fluids slowly (over 48hrs) to avoid cerebral
edema
what are examples of simple diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CO2 or O2 passing
through a membrane freely
ions passing into a cell via an ion channel
list some examples of active transport mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Na+/K+
pump
H+/K+ ATPase
H+ ATPase
,what drugs inhibit Na+/K+ pumps? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅cardiac glucoside drugs
ouabain, digoxin, digitalis
which ATPase can be found in the membrane of an ER/SR? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Ca2+ ATPase (pumps 2 Ca2+ ions into the ER/SR per 1 ATP hydrolyzed)
describe the role of phospholamban - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅inhibits the action of the
Ca2+ pump in the SR/ER
describe the movement of glucose from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal cells - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅lumen = high Na+ conc, low glc conc
the Na+-glc cotransporter transports Na+ and glc into the intestinal cell
the GLUT-2 transporter facilitates diffusion of glc to the bloodstream
the Na+/K+ ATPase actively transports Na+ into the bloodstream and K+ into the intestinal cell
define TBW - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅TBW = ICF + ECF = 60% of body weight
what % of the TBW do the ECF and ICF volumes make up? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅ICF = 2/3
ECF = 1/3
what are the major ions of the ECF and ICF, respectively? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅ECF: Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
ICF: K+, Mg2+, proteins, organic phosphates
, what is the equation for blood volume? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅blood vol = (plasma
vol) / (1-hematocrit)
what are the components of the ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅interstitial fluid (3/4) +
plasma volume (1/4)
be able to read a Darrow-Yannet diagram - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅
describe the changes in ECF and ICF volume/osmolarity with the following:
1) isotonic gains
2) hypertonic gains
3) hypotonic gains - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅ECF:
1) isotonic gains: increase in volume, no change in osmolarity
2) hypertonic gain: increase in volume, increase in osmolarity
3) hypotonic gain: increase in volume, decrease in osmolarity
ICF:
1) isotonic gain: no change
2) hypertonic gain: volume decreases, osmolarity increases (compared to ECF)
3) hypotonic gain: volume increases, osmolarity decreases (compared to ECF)
describe the changes in ECF and ICF volume/osmolarity with the following:
1) isotonic loss
2) hypertonic loss
3) hypotonic loss - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅ECF:
1) isotonic loss: decrease in volume, no change in osmolarity
2) hypertonic loss: decrease in volume, decrease in osmolarity
what are the S&S of dehydration in a child? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅decreased tears
decreased urine
decreased skin turgor
sunken fontanels (infants)
urine specific gravity > 1.03
hypotension (last symptom)
what are the symptoms of gastoenteritis? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅vomiting
high fever
what are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅projectile vomiting
non-bilious vomiting
what is the main symptom of malrotation? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅bilious vomiting
what is the main symptom of intussusception? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅bloody stools
S&S and Dx for meningitis? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅S&S: vomiting, fever, seizure,
nuchal rigidity
Dx: lumbar puncture
what are 2 main disorders that result in malabsorption? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CF and
celiac disease
describe the steps to calculating a pt's maintenance fluid - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅convert pt weight to kg
,4-2-1 rule for hourly maintenance: multiply 1st 10kg of body weight by 4, the next 10kg of body
weight by 2, and then the remaining body weight by 1
gives hourly maintenance in mL/hour
what are the 3 levels of dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅mild (3-5% weight loss)
moderate (6-9% weight loss)
severe (10%+ weight loss)
when would you utilize a fluid bolus? describe the calculations for a fluid bolus - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅use a fluid bolus in severe dehydration
fluid bolus should be 20mL/kg over 20-30 minutes; used to restore normal bp
what are the differences in treating a kid with hyponatremia and hypernatremia? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅tx of hyponatremia: need to administer fluid bolus then correct sodium to
avoid seizures
tx of hypernatremia: need to administer deficit fluids slowly (over 48hrs) to avoid cerebral
edema
what are examples of simple diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CO2 or O2 passing
through a membrane freely
ions passing into a cell via an ion channel
list some examples of active transport mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Na+/K+
pump
H+/K+ ATPase
H+ ATPase
,what drugs inhibit Na+/K+ pumps? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅cardiac glucoside drugs
ouabain, digoxin, digitalis
which ATPase can be found in the membrane of an ER/SR? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Ca2+ ATPase (pumps 2 Ca2+ ions into the ER/SR per 1 ATP hydrolyzed)
describe the role of phospholamban - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅inhibits the action of the
Ca2+ pump in the SR/ER
describe the movement of glucose from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal cells - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅lumen = high Na+ conc, low glc conc
the Na+-glc cotransporter transports Na+ and glc into the intestinal cell
the GLUT-2 transporter facilitates diffusion of glc to the bloodstream
the Na+/K+ ATPase actively transports Na+ into the bloodstream and K+ into the intestinal cell
define TBW - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅TBW = ICF + ECF = 60% of body weight
what % of the TBW do the ECF and ICF volumes make up? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅ICF = 2/3
ECF = 1/3
what are the major ions of the ECF and ICF, respectively? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅ECF: Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
ICF: K+, Mg2+, proteins, organic phosphates
, what is the equation for blood volume? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅blood vol = (plasma
vol) / (1-hematocrit)
what are the components of the ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅interstitial fluid (3/4) +
plasma volume (1/4)
be able to read a Darrow-Yannet diagram - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅
describe the changes in ECF and ICF volume/osmolarity with the following:
1) isotonic gains
2) hypertonic gains
3) hypotonic gains - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅ECF:
1) isotonic gains: increase in volume, no change in osmolarity
2) hypertonic gain: increase in volume, increase in osmolarity
3) hypotonic gain: increase in volume, decrease in osmolarity
ICF:
1) isotonic gain: no change
2) hypertonic gain: volume decreases, osmolarity increases (compared to ECF)
3) hypotonic gain: volume increases, osmolarity decreases (compared to ECF)
describe the changes in ECF and ICF volume/osmolarity with the following:
1) isotonic loss
2) hypertonic loss
3) hypotonic loss - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅ECF:
1) isotonic loss: decrease in volume, no change in osmolarity
2) hypertonic loss: decrease in volume, decrease in osmolarity
