NS 305 Exam 2 With Complete
Solution
What is the oldest and one of the most frequently diagnosed psychiatric illnesses? -
ANSWER Depression
When does pathological depression occur? - ANSWER When adaptation is ineffective
Depression - definition - ANSWER An alteration in mood that is expressed by feelings of
sadness, despair, and pessimism
Severe depression is marked by distress that interferes with social, occupational,
cognitive, and emotional functioning
T/F MDD is one of the leading causes of disability in the US - ANSWER True
Research links depression to an increased risk of what? - ANSWER Coronary artery
disease
What percentage of people over 18 have had at least one major depressive episode in
the past year? - ANSWER 6.6%
Is depression more prevalent in men or women? - ANSWER Women by about 2:1
It is more common in young women and older women, but it is about the same between
44-65 y/o
What kind of relationship exists between social class and depression? - ANSWER
Inverse, yet definitive causal structure here!
What kind of relationship exists between race and depression? - ANSWER No consistent
relationship but it is more prevalent in whites but more severe and disabling in blacks
(blacks are less likely to receive treatment than whites)
Does marital status affect depression? - ANSWER Single and divorced people are more
likely to experience depression than married people or people with close relationships
Does season affect depression? - ANSWER Yes, powerpoint says spring and fall but
book says fall and winter
What are the types of depressive disorders? - ANSWER Major depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
,Substance-induced depressive disorder
Depressive disorder associated with another medical condition
Major depressive disorder - ANSWER - characterized by depressed mood
- loss of interest in pleasure or usual activities
- symptoms present for at least 2 weeks
- no history of manic behavior
- cannot be attributed to use of substances or another medical condition
Dysthymic disorder - ANSWER - sad or "down in the dumps"
- no evidence of psychotic symptoms
- Essential feature is a chronically depressed mood for most of the day, more days than
not, and at least 2 years
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder - ANSWER - depressed mood
- anxiety
- mood swings
- decreased interest in activities
- symptoms begin during week prior to menses, start to improve within a few days after
the onset of menses and becomes minimal or absent in the week postmenses
Substance-induced depressive disorder - ANSWER Considered to be the direct result of
physiological effects of a substance
Depressive disorder associated with another medical condition - ANSWER Attributable
to the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition
•Example: Parkinson's, cardiac problems (assess for depression in cardiac unit)
Predisposing factors to depression - ANSWER Biological
Biochemical
Neuroendocrine disturbances
Physiological influences
Psychosocial theories
Is there a hereditary factor involved with depression? - ANSWER Maybe
What are the biochemical influences in depression? - ANSWER Deficiency of NE, SE,
,dopa
Excessive cholinergic transmission may also be a factor
What physiological influences may play a role in depression? - ANSWER Med side
effects
neurological disorders
Electrolyte imbalances
hormonal disorders
Nutritional deficiencies
What is the psychoanalytical theory on depression? - ANSWER A loss is internalized and
becomes directed against the ego
What is the learning theory on depression? - ANSWER Learned helplessness
The individual who experiences numerous failures learns to give up trying
What is the object loss theory on depression? - ANSWER A person experiences loss of
significant other during first 6 months of life
Feelings of helplessness and despair
Early trauma or loss may predispose client to lifelong periods of depression
What is the cognitive theory on depression? - ANSWER Views primary disturbance in
depression as cognitive rather than affective
Three cognitive distortions serve as basis for depression: negative expectations of the
environment, of the self, or of the future
What is the transactional model of depression? - ANSWER No single theory exists to
substantiate a clear cut explanation
Multiple causation
Multifaceted
What are the four spheres of human functioning? - ANSWER Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive
Physiological
Transient depression + symptoms - ANSWER Not necessarily dysfunctional
, Affective: the blues
Behavioral: some crying
Cognitive: some difficulty getting mind off of one's disappointment
Physiological: feeling tired and listless
Mild depression + symptoms - ANSWER Identified by clinicians as those associated with
normal grieving
Affective: anger, anxiety
Behavioral: tearful, regression
Cognitive: preoccupied with loss
Physiological: anorexia, insomnia
Moderate depression + symptoms - ANSWER Associated with dysthymia
Affective: helpless, powerless
Behavioral: slowed physical movements, slumped posture, limited verbalization
Cognitive: retarded thinking processes, difficulty with concentration
Physiological: anorexia or overeating, sleep disturbance, headaches
Severe depression + symptoms - ANSWER Symptoms of MDD and bipolar depression
Affective: feelings of total despair, worthlessness, flat affect
Behavioral: psychomotor retardation, curled-up position, absence of communication
Cognitive: prevalent delusional thinking, with delusions pf persecution and somatic
delusions, confusion, suicidal thoughts
Physiological: a general slow-down of the entire body
Criteria used for measurement of outcomes in the care of the depressed client -
ANSWER The client
- has experienced no physical harm to self
- discusses feelings with staff and family
- expressed hopefulness
- sets realistic goals for self
- is no longer afraid to attempt new activites
Solution
What is the oldest and one of the most frequently diagnosed psychiatric illnesses? -
ANSWER Depression
When does pathological depression occur? - ANSWER When adaptation is ineffective
Depression - definition - ANSWER An alteration in mood that is expressed by feelings of
sadness, despair, and pessimism
Severe depression is marked by distress that interferes with social, occupational,
cognitive, and emotional functioning
T/F MDD is one of the leading causes of disability in the US - ANSWER True
Research links depression to an increased risk of what? - ANSWER Coronary artery
disease
What percentage of people over 18 have had at least one major depressive episode in
the past year? - ANSWER 6.6%
Is depression more prevalent in men or women? - ANSWER Women by about 2:1
It is more common in young women and older women, but it is about the same between
44-65 y/o
What kind of relationship exists between social class and depression? - ANSWER
Inverse, yet definitive causal structure here!
What kind of relationship exists between race and depression? - ANSWER No consistent
relationship but it is more prevalent in whites but more severe and disabling in blacks
(blacks are less likely to receive treatment than whites)
Does marital status affect depression? - ANSWER Single and divorced people are more
likely to experience depression than married people or people with close relationships
Does season affect depression? - ANSWER Yes, powerpoint says spring and fall but
book says fall and winter
What are the types of depressive disorders? - ANSWER Major depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
,Substance-induced depressive disorder
Depressive disorder associated with another medical condition
Major depressive disorder - ANSWER - characterized by depressed mood
- loss of interest in pleasure or usual activities
- symptoms present for at least 2 weeks
- no history of manic behavior
- cannot be attributed to use of substances or another medical condition
Dysthymic disorder - ANSWER - sad or "down in the dumps"
- no evidence of psychotic symptoms
- Essential feature is a chronically depressed mood for most of the day, more days than
not, and at least 2 years
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder - ANSWER - depressed mood
- anxiety
- mood swings
- decreased interest in activities
- symptoms begin during week prior to menses, start to improve within a few days after
the onset of menses and becomes minimal or absent in the week postmenses
Substance-induced depressive disorder - ANSWER Considered to be the direct result of
physiological effects of a substance
Depressive disorder associated with another medical condition - ANSWER Attributable
to the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition
•Example: Parkinson's, cardiac problems (assess for depression in cardiac unit)
Predisposing factors to depression - ANSWER Biological
Biochemical
Neuroendocrine disturbances
Physiological influences
Psychosocial theories
Is there a hereditary factor involved with depression? - ANSWER Maybe
What are the biochemical influences in depression? - ANSWER Deficiency of NE, SE,
,dopa
Excessive cholinergic transmission may also be a factor
What physiological influences may play a role in depression? - ANSWER Med side
effects
neurological disorders
Electrolyte imbalances
hormonal disorders
Nutritional deficiencies
What is the psychoanalytical theory on depression? - ANSWER A loss is internalized and
becomes directed against the ego
What is the learning theory on depression? - ANSWER Learned helplessness
The individual who experiences numerous failures learns to give up trying
What is the object loss theory on depression? - ANSWER A person experiences loss of
significant other during first 6 months of life
Feelings of helplessness and despair
Early trauma or loss may predispose client to lifelong periods of depression
What is the cognitive theory on depression? - ANSWER Views primary disturbance in
depression as cognitive rather than affective
Three cognitive distortions serve as basis for depression: negative expectations of the
environment, of the self, or of the future
What is the transactional model of depression? - ANSWER No single theory exists to
substantiate a clear cut explanation
Multiple causation
Multifaceted
What are the four spheres of human functioning? - ANSWER Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive
Physiological
Transient depression + symptoms - ANSWER Not necessarily dysfunctional
, Affective: the blues
Behavioral: some crying
Cognitive: some difficulty getting mind off of one's disappointment
Physiological: feeling tired and listless
Mild depression + symptoms - ANSWER Identified by clinicians as those associated with
normal grieving
Affective: anger, anxiety
Behavioral: tearful, regression
Cognitive: preoccupied with loss
Physiological: anorexia, insomnia
Moderate depression + symptoms - ANSWER Associated with dysthymia
Affective: helpless, powerless
Behavioral: slowed physical movements, slumped posture, limited verbalization
Cognitive: retarded thinking processes, difficulty with concentration
Physiological: anorexia or overeating, sleep disturbance, headaches
Severe depression + symptoms - ANSWER Symptoms of MDD and bipolar depression
Affective: feelings of total despair, worthlessness, flat affect
Behavioral: psychomotor retardation, curled-up position, absence of communication
Cognitive: prevalent delusional thinking, with delusions pf persecution and somatic
delusions, confusion, suicidal thoughts
Physiological: a general slow-down of the entire body
Criteria used for measurement of outcomes in the care of the depressed client -
ANSWER The client
- has experienced no physical harm to self
- discusses feelings with staff and family
- expressed hopefulness
- sets realistic goals for self
- is no longer afraid to attempt new activites
