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Exam 2: NU606/ NU 606 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Review| Qs & As| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers) – Regis

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Exam 2: NU606/ NU 606 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Review| Qs & As| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers) – Regis Q: List the systemic effects of inflammation, and identify the reason that each of these manifestations occurs. Answer: fever due to the release of pyrogens by leukocytes and macrophages; malaise, fatigue, headache, and anorexia Q: Potential complications that may develop as a result of inflammation. Answer: infection in inflamed tissue, deep ulcers (from severe or prolonged inflammation), skeletal muscle spasms or strong muscle contractions, local complications such as tissue destruction and scarring, immobility due to pain or edema (edema compresses organs such as blood vessels and airways) Q: What is the four-letter acronym that lists the approach to first aid for injury-related inflammation? Answer: R = Rest allows time for healing, minimizing further pain and irritation to the injured area. I = Early application of cold causes vasoconstriction, decreasing pain and edema. C = Compression reduces edema and pain by activating alternate sensory pathways. E = Elevation improves fluid flow away from the damaged area. Q: Identify the differences between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids or steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Answer: NSAIDs are analgesic and antipyretic. They may cause allergic reactions, slow blood clotting, and cause nausea and/or stomach ulceration. Steroids decrease immune responses and increase the risk for infection, hypertension, and edema. They may also cause osteoporosis and skeletal muscle wasting. Q: Identify the differences between NSAIDs and acetaminophen. Answer: NSAIDs are antiinflammatory. They may cause allergic reactions and slow blood clotting. Acetaminophen has no antiinflammatory action. Overuse at higher dosages than recommended may cause kidney and liver damage. Q: Identify additional nonpharmacologic therapies/treatment that could be used to treat inflammation, particularly conditions that are chronic, such as arthritis. Answer: heat, physiotherapy, adequate nutrition and hydration, mild to moderate exercise, elastic stockings to reduce fluid accumulation Q: Differentiate between the processes of resolution and regeneration. Answer: Resolution occurs when there is minimal tissue damage, the damage is repaired, and cells recover and resume normal function in a short time. Regeneration is the healing process that occurs in tissues whose cells are capable of mitosis (e.g., epithelial cells of the skin, gastrointestinal tract). The damaged cells are replaced by the proliferation of nearby undamaged cells. Q: Identify potential complications that may occur during the healing process with scar formation. Answer: loss of function; contractures and obstructions; adhesions; hypertrophic scar tissue; ulceration Q: Explain why full-thickness burns initially may be painless but later become very painful. Answer: Nerves in the burned area have been destroyed. Q: Other than tissue destruction, what complications may arise from a burn? Answer: shock, respiratory problems, pain, infection Q: List some of the actions that may be taken to aid in the prevention of infection in the healing of a burn. Answer: excision/removal of damaged tissue, antibiotics, covering of wound Q: Explain the need for increased dietary intake of protein and carbohydrates during healing of a burn injury. Answer: There is an ongoing need to produce more body heat and replace damaged/destroyed tissue (especially the skin and erythrocytes), which means higher nutrient demands. Q: Parkland Burn Formula Answer: V = Pt Weight (kg) x Body Surface Burned (%) x 4 First half is to be given of first 8 hours with the remaining amount given over the remaining 16 hours. Q: Who do you transfer to a burn center and what is the criteria? Answer: Growth factors such as pH, temperature, carbo- hydrates, and oxygen requirements can determine the site of infection. Example: Clostridium tetani is anaerobic and therefore favors deep tissue infections. Q: Describe how a specific growth need of a bacterium may determine the infection site in the host. Answer: Inflammation is a normal body response to anything that results in tissue damage. Infection is when microorganisms reproduce in or on body

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Examl2:lNU606/lNUl606l(LatestlUpdate)l
AdvancedlPathophysiologylReview|lQsl&lAs|
lGradelA|l100%lCorrect (Verified Answers)
l–lRegis

Q:lListlthelsystemicleffectsloflinflammation,landlidentifylthelreasonlthatleachlofltheselmanife
stationsloccurs.


Answer:
feverldueltolthelreleaseloflpyrogenslbylleukocyteslandlmacrophages;lmalaise,lfatigue,lheadache,
landlanorexia




Q:lPotentiallcomplicationslthatlmayldeveloplaslalresultloflinflammation.

Answer:
infectionlinlinflamedltissue,ldeeplulcersl(fromlseverelorlprolongedlinflammation),lskeletallmusc
lelspasmslorlstronglmusclelcontractions,llocallcomplicationslsuchlasltissueldestructionlandlscarr
ing,limmobilityldueltolpainlorledemal(edemalcompresseslorganslsuchlaslbloodlvesselslandlairw
ays)




Q:lWhatlislthelfour-letterlacronymlthatllistslthelapproachltolfirstlaidlforlinjury-
relatedlinflammation?


Answer:
Rl=lRestlallowsltimelforlhealing,lminimizinglfurtherlpainlandlirritationltolthelinjuredlarea.l
Il=lEarlylapplicationloflcoldlcauseslvasoconstriction,ldecreasinglpainlandledema.l
Cl=lCompressionlreducesledemalandlpainlbylactivatinglalternatelsensorylpathways.l
El=lElevationlimproveslfluidlflowlawaylfromltheldamagedlarea.

,Q:lIdentifyltheldifferenceslbetweenlnonsteroidallanti-
inflammatoryldrugsl(NSAIDs)landlglucocorticoidslorlsteroidallanti-inflammatoryldrugs.


Answer:
NSAIDslarelanalgesiclandlantipyretic.
Theylmaylcauselallergiclreactions,lslowlbloodlclotting,landlcauselnausealand/orlstomachlulcerat
ion.l
Steroidsldecreaselimmunelresponseslandlincreaselthelrisklforlinfection,lhypertension,landledem
a.l
Theylmaylalsolcauselosteoporosislandlskeletallmusclelwasting.




Q:lIdentifyltheldifferenceslbetweenlNSAIDslandlacetaminophen.

Answer:
NSAIDslarelantiinflammatory.lTheylmaylcauselallergiclreactionslandlslowlbloodlclotting.l
Acetaminophenlhaslnolantiinflammatorylaction.l
Overuselatlhigherldosageslthanlrecommendedlmaylcauselkidneylandlliverldamage.




Q:lIdentifyladditionallnonpharmacologicltherapies/treatmentlthatlcouldlbelusedltoltreatlinflam
mation,lparticularlylconditionslthatlarelchronic,lsuchlaslarthritis.


Answer:
heat,lphysiotherapy,ladequatelnutritionlandlhydration,lmildltolmoderatelexercise,lelasticlstockin
gsltolreducelfluidlaccumulation




Q:lDifferentiatelbetweenlthelprocessesloflresolutionlandlregeneration.

Answer:

,Resolutionloccurslwhenltherelislminimalltissueldamage,ltheldamagelislrepaired,landlcellslrecov
erlandlresumelnormallfunctionlinlalshortltime.lRegenerationlislthelhealinglprocesslthatloccursli
nltissueslwhoselcellslarelcapableloflmitosisl(e.g.,lepitheliallcellsloflthelskin,lgastrointestinalltrac
t).lTheldamagedlcellslarelreplacedlbylthelproliferationloflnearbylundamagedlcells.




Q:lIdentifylpotentiallcomplicationslthatlmayloccurlduringlthelhealinglprocesslwithlscarlformat
ion.


Answer:
lossloflfunction;lcontractureslandlobstructions;ladhesions;lhypertrophiclscarltissue;lulceration




Q:lExplainlwhylfull-thicknesslburnslinitiallylmaylbelpainlesslbutllaterlbecomelverylpainful.

Answer:
Nerveslinlthelburnedlarealhavelbeenldestroyed.




Q:lOtherlthanltissueldestruction,lwhatlcomplicationslmaylariselfromlalburn?

Answer:
shock,lrespiratorylproblems,lpain,linfection




Q:lListlsomeloflthelactionslthatlmaylbeltakenltolaidlinlthelpreventionloflinfectionlinlthelhealin
gloflalburn.


Answer:
excision/removallofldamagedltissue,lantibiotics,lcoveringloflwound

, Q:lExplainlthelneedlforlincreasedldietarylintakeloflproteinlandlcarbohydrateslduringlhealinglo
flalburnlinjury.


Answer:
Therelislanlongoinglneedltolproducelmorelbodylheatlandlreplaceldamaged/destroyedltissuel(esp
eciallylthelskinlandlerythrocytes),lwhichlmeanslhigherlnutrientldemands.




Q:lParklandlBurnlFormula

Answer:
Vl=lPtlWeightl(kg)lxlBodylSurfacelBurnedl(%)lxl4
Firstlhalflisltolbelgivenloflfirstl8lhourslwithlthelremaininglamountlgivenloverlthelremainingl16l
hours.




Q:lWholdolyoultransferltolalburnlcenterlandlwhatlislthelcriteria?

Answer:
GrowthlfactorslsuchlaslpH,ltemperature,lcarbo-
lhydrates,landloxygenlrequirementslcanldeterminelthelsiteloflinfection.lExample:lClostridiumlte
tanilislanaerobiclandlthereforelfavorsldeepltissuelinfections.




Q:lDescribelhowlalspecificlgrowthlneedloflalbacteriumlmayldeterminelthelinfectionlsitelinlthe
lhost.


Answer:
Inflammationlislalnormallbodylresponseltolanythinglthatlresultslinltissueldamage.lInfectionlislw
henlmicroorganismslreproducelinlorlonlbodyltissues.




Q:lExplainltheldifferencelbetweenlinfectionlandlinflammation.

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