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Exam 3: NU606/ NU 606 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Review| Qs & As| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers) – Regis

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Exam 3: NU606/ NU 606 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Review| Qs & As| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers) – Regis Q: Define angina pectoris Answer: Chest pain resulting from a myocardial oxygen demand that is not met by adequate oxygen supply; seen in patient with myocardial ischemia Q: What is the underlying pathology involved in angina pectoris? Answer: • when there is decreased blood supply (oxygen) to the heart, due to either arterial obstruction or spasm or • when there is increased demand for oxygen by the heart or • when there is a combination of factor Q: Identify disorders that may cause or predispose an individual to angina. Answer: atherosclerosis arteriosclerosis vasospasm myocardial hypertrophy severe anemias respiratory disease Q: What is the most serious complication of angina pectoris? Answer: myocardial infarction Q: smoking a cigarette or being exposed to secondhand smoke Answer: smoke causes vasoconstriction, leading to increased venous return and increased heart rate Q: going from a warm environment into the cold Answer: vasoconstriction, leading to increased venous return and increased heart rate Q: engaging in an argument or other stressful behavior Answer: sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate Q: exercise, such as climbing a flight of stairs or rushing to catch a bus Answer: increases heart rate due to increased O2 demands Q: Describe the classic manifestations of an anginal attack. What is the usual duration of an anginal attack? Answer: The classic manifestations are recurrent, intermittent brief episodes of substernal chest pain, described as a tightness or pressure that may radiate to the neck or left arm. An anginal attack usually lasts a few seconds or minutes Q: What type of drug is used to treat an acute anginal attack? Explain how these drugs relieve chest pain. Answer: Coronary vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin, act by reducing systemic resistance, thus decreasing the demand for oxygen. Some vasodilators also relieve arterial vasospasm. Nitroglycerin has an immediate onset of action. Q: how would to administer nitroglycerin? Answer: sublingual Q: Outline the management of an anginal attack. Answer: 1. let pt rest, stop activity 2. seat pt in an UPRIGHT position 3. give nitroglycerine sublingually 4. check pulse and respiration 5. give oxygen if necessary 6. for a pt with known angina the AHA recommends a second dose of ntg if pain persists for more than 5 minutes. After 3 doses w/in a 10 minute period and no relief it should be treated as MI. Call for emergency medical intervention 7. For pt w/o hx of angina emergency medical aid should be sought after 2 minutes w/o relief Q: When should emergency medical services (EMS) be requested? Answer: • if pain is not relieved with rest and administration of three doses of nitroglycerin spaced 5 minutes apart (i.e., after 10 minutes) • for individual with no history of angina, if pain is unrelieved within 2 minutes Q: List other types of medication that might be prescribed for an individual with angina, and explain the rationale for each. Answer: • antihypertensive to lower blood pressure and cardiac workload • diuretic to help control blood pressure and prevent edema • platelet inhibitor to lower platelet aggregation and the chance of thrombus formation • antihyperlidemic to lower blood cholesterol and LDL levels and hopefully slow or arrest progression of atherosclerosis Q: Identify surgical interventions that might be used in the treatment of angina. Answer: angioplasty and stent insertion; coronary bypass graft Q: Describe nonpharmacologic interventions that could help to control angina. Answer: • Avoid situations known to precipitates attacks (e.g., stress). • Stop smoking. • Consume diet low in saturated and trans-fats. • Restrict sodium intake. • Lose weight if overweight. • Engage in a consistent exercise program. • Reduce stress.

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Examl3:lNU606/lNUl606l(LatestlUpdate)l
AdvancedlPathophysiologylReview|lQsl&lAs|
lGradelA|l100%lCorrect (Verified Answers)
–lRegis

Q:lDefinelanginalpectoris

Answer:
Chestlpainlresultinglfromlalmyocardialloxygenldemandlthatlislnotlmetlbyladequateloxygenlsupp
ly;lseenlinlpatientlwithlmyocardiallischemia



Q:lWhatlislthelunderlyinglpathologylinvolvedlinlanginalpectoris?

Answer:
•lwhenltherelisldecreasedlbloodlsupplyl(oxygen)ltolthelheart,ldueltoleitherlarteriallobstructionlo
rlspasmlor
l•lwhenltherelislincreasedldemandlforloxygenlbylthelheartlor
l•lwhenltherelislalcombinationloflfactor



Q:lIdentifyldisorderslthatlmaylcauselorlpredisposelanlindividualltolangina.

Answer:
atherosclerosislarteriosclerosislvasospasmlmyocardiallhypertrophylseverelanemiaslrespiratoryldi
sease



Q:lWhatlislthelmostlseriouslcomplicationloflanginalpectoris?

Answer:
myocardiallinfarction

,Q:lsmokinglalcigarettelorlbeinglexposedltolsecondhandlsmoke

Answer:
smokelcauseslvasoconstriction,lleadingltolincreasedlvenouslreturnlandlincreasedlheartlrate



Q:lgoinglfromlalwarmlenvironmentlintolthelcold

Answer:
vasoconstriction,lleadingltolincreasedlvenouslreturnlandlincreasedlheartlrate



Q:lengaginglinlanlargumentlorlotherlstressfullbehavior

Answer:
sympatheticlstimulationlincreaseslheartlrate



Q:lexercise,lsuchlaslclimbinglalflightloflstairslorlrushingltolcatchlalbus

Answer:
increaseslheartlrateldueltolincreasedlO2ldemands



Q:lDescribelthelclassiclmanifestationsloflanlanginallattack.lWhatlislthelusualldurationloflanlan
ginallattack?


Answer:
Thelclassiclmanifestationslarelrecurrent,lintermittentlbrieflepisodesloflsubsternallchestlpain,ldes
cribedlaslaltightnesslorlpressurelthatlmaylradiateltolthelnecklorlleftlarm.lAnlanginallattacklusual
lyllastslalfewlsecondslorlminutes

,Q:lWhatltypelofldruglislusedltoltreatlanlacutelanginallattack?lExplainlhowltheseldrugslrelievel
chestlpain.


Answer:
Coronarylvasodilators,lsuchlaslnitroglycerin,lactlbylreducinglsystemiclresistance,lthusldecreasin
gltheldemandlforloxygen.lSomelvasodilatorslalsolrelievelarteriallvasospasm.lNitroglycerinlhasla
nlimmediatelonsetloflaction.



Q:lhowlwouldltoladministerlnitroglycerin?

Answer:
sublingual



Q:lOutlinelthelmanagementloflanlanginallattack.

Answer:
1.lletlptlrest,lstoplactivity
2.lseatlptlinlanlUPRIGHTlposition
3.lgivelnitroglycerinelsublingually
4.lchecklpulselandlrespiration
5.lgiveloxygenliflnecessary
6.lforlalptlwithlknownlanginalthelAHAlrecommendslalsecondldoseloflntgliflpainlpersistslforlm
orelthanl5lminutes.lAfterl3ldoseslw/inlal10lminutelperiodlandlnolrelieflitlshouldlbeltreatedlasl
MI.lCalllforlemergencylmedicallintervention
7.lForlptlw/olhxloflanginalemergencylmedicallaidlshouldlbelsoughtlafterl2lminuteslw/olrelief



Q:lWhenlshouldlemergencylmedicallservicesl(EMS)lbelrequested?

Answer:
•liflpainlislnotlrelievedlwithlrestlandladministrationloflthreeldosesloflnitroglycerinlspacedl5lmin
uteslapartl(i.e.,lafterl10lminutes)l
•lforlindividuallwithlnolhistoryloflangina,liflpainlislunrelievedlwithinl2lminutes

, Q:lListlotherltypesloflmedicationlthatlmightlbelprescribedlforlanlindividuallwithlangina,landle
xplainlthelrationalelforleach.


Answer:
•lantihypertensiveltollowerlbloodlpressurelandlcardiaclworkload
•ldiureticltolhelplcontrollbloodlpressurelandlpreventledemal
•lplateletlinhibitorltollowerlplateletlaggregationlandlthelchanceloflthrombuslformationl
•lantihyperlidemicltollowerlbloodlcholesterollandlLDLllevelslandlhopefullylslowlorlarrestlprogr
essionloflatherosclerosis



Q:lIdentifylsurgicallinterventionslthatlmightlbelusedlinltheltreatmentloflangina.

Answer:
angioplastylandlstentlinsertion;lcoronarylbypasslgraft



Q:lDescribelnonpharmacologiclinterventionslthatlcouldlhelpltolcontrollangina.

Answer:
•lAvoidlsituationslknownltolprecipitateslattacksl(e.g.,lstress).l
•lStoplsmoking.l
•lConsumeldietllowlinlsaturatedlandltrans-fats.l
•lRestrictlsodiumlintake.l
•lLoselweightlifloverweight.l
•lEngagelinlalconsistentlexerciselprogram.l
•lReducelstress.



Q:lAlpatientlstateslthatlhelhaslanginalpectoris.lIdentifyladditionallinformationlthatlshouldlbelo
btainedlfromlthislindividual.


Answer:
Howllonglhaslthelindividuallhadlangina?l
Howlfrequentlarelthelattacks?l
Whenlwaslthellastlone?l
Whatlarelthelknownlprecipitatinglfactors?l

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