Phil101 UD Rogers Test 3
Augustine def of knowledge vs Descartes' - ✔️✔️true belief you get from direct access
to the thing known ... Descartes: true belief cannot be doubted (raised bar way higher
than Augustine)
Two ways to know (following the example of mathematics) - ✔️✔️intuition
deduction
intuition - ✔️✔️just "see" intellectively that something is indubitably the case.
deduction - ✔️✔️move from indubitable premises through indubitable principles to
indubitable conclusions.
Descartes' view of knowledge is a ___ epistomology - ✔️✔️foundationalist
Modern Philosophy starts with making a claim about how we know and then asks... -
✔️✔️...What can we know.
Is Descartes' project skeptical or anti-skeptical? - ✔️✔️Anti-skeptical. Wants to put
knowledge on a firm foundation.
Descartes' project distinguishes between... - ✔️✔️....knowledge and mere belief.
According to Descartes' project, in order to have knowledge we need to justify ____. -
✔️✔️our beliefs
___Philosopher____ is a foundaionalist. - ✔️✔️Descartes
Basics of Foundationalism - ✔️✔️The thought is that there are certain basic beliefs that
are justified (one way or another), such that they do not require any FURTHER
justification and all of your justified beliefs are either basic, or else they can be justified
by tracing their justification back to the basic beliefs.
Analogy o=for foundationalism. - ✔️✔️think of an epistemic edifice (building) where the
upper parts are grounded upon the foundation.
Two types of foundationalists: - ✔️✔️empiricists and rationalists
empiricism - ✔️✔️All of our knowledge begins with experience
Is Descartes a rationalist or empiricist? - ✔️✔️rationalist
,Who is the father of modern philosophy? - ✔️✔️Descartes
What is the adjective from Descartes? - ✔️✔️Cartesian
For Medieval the point of doing philosophy is to... - ✔️✔️...lead the good and happy
life, here and in the hereafter.
Medieval Philosophy takes it as a given that... - ✔️✔️...we know some things and then
asks how it is that we are able to know them.
For moderns the point of doing philosophy is to... - ✔️✔️...limit our beliefs to only those
that are properly justified...not to hold any false beliefs
rationalisim - ✔️✔️Knowledge arises from within one's own mind, that is, from reason.
rationalism is NOT... - ✔️✔️from the senses or from experience. These are changing
and different for different people.
knowledge characteristics: - ✔️✔️justified belief, certainty, indubitability
____ supplies the foundation of basic beliefs and then ___ constructs the edifice. -
✔️✔️intuition
deduction
examples of thinks that can be doubted - ✔️✔️history, memory, other minds, presence
in room, math, logic
descartes' goal is not to make everyone a skeptic. he wants to ... - ✔️✔️give you
justified knowledge based on a foundation of certitude (intuition) and moving step by
step through certain principles to certain conclusions (deduction).
how do we get the world back? / Is there anything you can know, from the very first, by
intuition, with absolute certitude? - ✔️✔️Cogito ergo sum!
I think therefore I am!
Solipsism - ✔️✔️I'm the only thing there is? Sol ipse.
Solipsism? - ✔️✔️No, we can get much of the rest of the world back, but first we have
to prove the existence of... GOD!
Proof for God - ✔️✔️I have ideas in my mind. (I'm sure!)
, I could have made up most of these ideas myself, however I could not have made up
the idea of God.
I could not have made up the idea of God. Why not? - ✔️✔️My idea of God is an idea
of a perfect and unlimited being. As a limited being I could not have generated the idea
out of myself. (No limited being, even the evil genius, could produce such an idea in
me.)
Couldn't I produce the idea just by considering my limitation and negating them? -
✔️✔️No, because I couldn't recognize that I am limited if I didn't already have an idea
of a perfect being. Therefore only God could have given me that idea, so there is a God!
But how does this get back (at least some of) those things we doubted? - ✔️✔️God
won't allow systematic deception. (• He will allow the occasional mistake, but not radical
deception about almost everything.)
Since there's a God, we must trust what we perceive clearly and distinctly because... -
✔️✔️we can rule out the hypothesis of the evil genius.
Note first that Descartes has set himself a very difficult task because - ✔️✔️He aims for
certitude at the foundation and certainty in all the steps. If we find any step to be open to
serious doubt, then the edifice collapses.
Is the Proof for God absolutely certain? - ✔️✔️No.
doubtful: It is true that God wouldn't allow systematic deception? - ✔️✔️• A. Couldn't
there just possibly be a situation in which systematic deception is a good thing? (Cypher
in The Matrix)
God wouldn't allow systematic deception...
• B. God allows all sorts of evil. Can I be certain He'd draw the line at my being
deceived?
problems - ✔️✔️• 1) Proof for God is not absolutely certain.
• 2) We can't be sure God wouldn't allow systematic deception.
• 3) At the beginning of the process Descartes says we can doubt the laws of logic! This
may be the worst one!
problem of doubting logic expanded - ✔️✔️If you doubt the laws of logic, then you
cannot offer any arguments, since arguments assume the truth of logic. (example of
begging the question)
begging the question - ✔️✔️assuming what you are claiming to prove.
Dualism - ✔️✔️you are an immaterial mind and a material body. (Note that the issue is
not soul and body, but rather just the "reasoning part".)
Augustine def of knowledge vs Descartes' - ✔️✔️true belief you get from direct access
to the thing known ... Descartes: true belief cannot be doubted (raised bar way higher
than Augustine)
Two ways to know (following the example of mathematics) - ✔️✔️intuition
deduction
intuition - ✔️✔️just "see" intellectively that something is indubitably the case.
deduction - ✔️✔️move from indubitable premises through indubitable principles to
indubitable conclusions.
Descartes' view of knowledge is a ___ epistomology - ✔️✔️foundationalist
Modern Philosophy starts with making a claim about how we know and then asks... -
✔️✔️...What can we know.
Is Descartes' project skeptical or anti-skeptical? - ✔️✔️Anti-skeptical. Wants to put
knowledge on a firm foundation.
Descartes' project distinguishes between... - ✔️✔️....knowledge and mere belief.
According to Descartes' project, in order to have knowledge we need to justify ____. -
✔️✔️our beliefs
___Philosopher____ is a foundaionalist. - ✔️✔️Descartes
Basics of Foundationalism - ✔️✔️The thought is that there are certain basic beliefs that
are justified (one way or another), such that they do not require any FURTHER
justification and all of your justified beliefs are either basic, or else they can be justified
by tracing their justification back to the basic beliefs.
Analogy o=for foundationalism. - ✔️✔️think of an epistemic edifice (building) where the
upper parts are grounded upon the foundation.
Two types of foundationalists: - ✔️✔️empiricists and rationalists
empiricism - ✔️✔️All of our knowledge begins with experience
Is Descartes a rationalist or empiricist? - ✔️✔️rationalist
,Who is the father of modern philosophy? - ✔️✔️Descartes
What is the adjective from Descartes? - ✔️✔️Cartesian
For Medieval the point of doing philosophy is to... - ✔️✔️...lead the good and happy
life, here and in the hereafter.
Medieval Philosophy takes it as a given that... - ✔️✔️...we know some things and then
asks how it is that we are able to know them.
For moderns the point of doing philosophy is to... - ✔️✔️...limit our beliefs to only those
that are properly justified...not to hold any false beliefs
rationalisim - ✔️✔️Knowledge arises from within one's own mind, that is, from reason.
rationalism is NOT... - ✔️✔️from the senses or from experience. These are changing
and different for different people.
knowledge characteristics: - ✔️✔️justified belief, certainty, indubitability
____ supplies the foundation of basic beliefs and then ___ constructs the edifice. -
✔️✔️intuition
deduction
examples of thinks that can be doubted - ✔️✔️history, memory, other minds, presence
in room, math, logic
descartes' goal is not to make everyone a skeptic. he wants to ... - ✔️✔️give you
justified knowledge based on a foundation of certitude (intuition) and moving step by
step through certain principles to certain conclusions (deduction).
how do we get the world back? / Is there anything you can know, from the very first, by
intuition, with absolute certitude? - ✔️✔️Cogito ergo sum!
I think therefore I am!
Solipsism - ✔️✔️I'm the only thing there is? Sol ipse.
Solipsism? - ✔️✔️No, we can get much of the rest of the world back, but first we have
to prove the existence of... GOD!
Proof for God - ✔️✔️I have ideas in my mind. (I'm sure!)
, I could have made up most of these ideas myself, however I could not have made up
the idea of God.
I could not have made up the idea of God. Why not? - ✔️✔️My idea of God is an idea
of a perfect and unlimited being. As a limited being I could not have generated the idea
out of myself. (No limited being, even the evil genius, could produce such an idea in
me.)
Couldn't I produce the idea just by considering my limitation and negating them? -
✔️✔️No, because I couldn't recognize that I am limited if I didn't already have an idea
of a perfect being. Therefore only God could have given me that idea, so there is a God!
But how does this get back (at least some of) those things we doubted? - ✔️✔️God
won't allow systematic deception. (• He will allow the occasional mistake, but not radical
deception about almost everything.)
Since there's a God, we must trust what we perceive clearly and distinctly because... -
✔️✔️we can rule out the hypothesis of the evil genius.
Note first that Descartes has set himself a very difficult task because - ✔️✔️He aims for
certitude at the foundation and certainty in all the steps. If we find any step to be open to
serious doubt, then the edifice collapses.
Is the Proof for God absolutely certain? - ✔️✔️No.
doubtful: It is true that God wouldn't allow systematic deception? - ✔️✔️• A. Couldn't
there just possibly be a situation in which systematic deception is a good thing? (Cypher
in The Matrix)
God wouldn't allow systematic deception...
• B. God allows all sorts of evil. Can I be certain He'd draw the line at my being
deceived?
problems - ✔️✔️• 1) Proof for God is not absolutely certain.
• 2) We can't be sure God wouldn't allow systematic deception.
• 3) At the beginning of the process Descartes says we can doubt the laws of logic! This
may be the worst one!
problem of doubting logic expanded - ✔️✔️If you doubt the laws of logic, then you
cannot offer any arguments, since arguments assume the truth of logic. (example of
begging the question)
begging the question - ✔️✔️assuming what you are claiming to prove.
Dualism - ✔️✔️you are an immaterial mind and a material body. (Note that the issue is
not soul and body, but rather just the "reasoning part".)
