PHIL 101 Final Exam JMU Yates
What does Rousseau say about reasoning together? - ✔️✔️This will help OR hinder
each person's chance at freedom
How does liberty stay on course in transition from the state of nature to the civil state? -
✔️✔️It is still there, it just shifts contexts; you lose the purity of nature, but not the point
of conscience
What is moral liberty? - ✔️✔️The freedom from impulse of appetite. Slavery is if you
are always responding to impulse or appetite. Moral liberty is self-mastery. We
demonstrate that we've advanced past the state of nature
How does the social contract combine natural feelings and acquired ideas? - ✔️✔️In
the quest for common good
Humanity's goal according to Rousseau - ✔️✔️To be a good person
Rousseau says that in our human nature, three things intersect - ✔️✔️What we think,
what we do, and how we act
What does Rousseau say about how humans are shaped by society? - ✔️✔️We are
born potentially good but society usually shapes us for the bad
Does Rousseau think people can be inherently evil? - ✔️✔️No
What comes first, natural feelings or acquired ideas? - ✔️✔️Natural feelings
What are ideas? - ✔️✔️Reasoned principles; they build on feelings and then guide
actions
Who created the social contract? - ✔️✔️Rousseau
The social contract - ✔️✔️A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their
rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
The social contract is the convergence of what? (Moving from what to what) -
✔️✔️Individual liberty and general will; moving from natural order to social order
Rousseau's personal concern - ✔️✔️Inequality and government (how to balance
individual freedoms within the good things in government)
, When Rousseau focuses on 'Nature as Basis for Morality', what is he NOT talking
about? - ✔️✔️God and the principles of human reason
When Rousseau focuses on 'Nature as Basis for Morality', what IS he talking about? -
✔️✔️Human nature as selfish in a good way, a naturally good kind of self interest
"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains" - ✔️✔️Rousseau
The puzzle of the social contract - ✔️✔️How to be free, moral individuals AND obey
laws that guide us as people
When Rousseau says we are forced to be free, he means... - ✔️✔️We are commanded
by laws and authorities, but for the sake of our own liberty and preservation
What kind of government does Rousseau prefer? - ✔️✔️Minimal government
At full effect, what can natural goodness do? - ✔️✔️Serve general will
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? - ✔️✔️Jefferson
Jefferson borrowed from Rousseau in order to... - ✔️✔️1. Justify a rejection of British
rule
2. Set forth principles for new government
Jefferson's justification for rebellion - ✔️✔️It isn't a right, it is a duty
Concerns about Rousseau - ✔️✔️Is human nature really inclined towards goodness?
Can individual liberty and general will really harmonize? Giving too much force of
command to government?
Sartre's focal problem - ✔️✔️What is the nature of human identity in the context of real-
time human experience? (Who am I?)
The problem with the self - ✔️✔️I'm supposed to define myself, but I also feel so
defined by life (the challenge of choice)
"Existence precedes essence" - ✔️✔️Sartre
Sartre's knife example - ✔️✔️The knife (an object) has a design (essence), but a
human does not
What is essence? - ✔️✔️The definitive thing in something that gives it it's purpose
What does Rousseau say about reasoning together? - ✔️✔️This will help OR hinder
each person's chance at freedom
How does liberty stay on course in transition from the state of nature to the civil state? -
✔️✔️It is still there, it just shifts contexts; you lose the purity of nature, but not the point
of conscience
What is moral liberty? - ✔️✔️The freedom from impulse of appetite. Slavery is if you
are always responding to impulse or appetite. Moral liberty is self-mastery. We
demonstrate that we've advanced past the state of nature
How does the social contract combine natural feelings and acquired ideas? - ✔️✔️In
the quest for common good
Humanity's goal according to Rousseau - ✔️✔️To be a good person
Rousseau says that in our human nature, three things intersect - ✔️✔️What we think,
what we do, and how we act
What does Rousseau say about how humans are shaped by society? - ✔️✔️We are
born potentially good but society usually shapes us for the bad
Does Rousseau think people can be inherently evil? - ✔️✔️No
What comes first, natural feelings or acquired ideas? - ✔️✔️Natural feelings
What are ideas? - ✔️✔️Reasoned principles; they build on feelings and then guide
actions
Who created the social contract? - ✔️✔️Rousseau
The social contract - ✔️✔️A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their
rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
The social contract is the convergence of what? (Moving from what to what) -
✔️✔️Individual liberty and general will; moving from natural order to social order
Rousseau's personal concern - ✔️✔️Inequality and government (how to balance
individual freedoms within the good things in government)
, When Rousseau focuses on 'Nature as Basis for Morality', what is he NOT talking
about? - ✔️✔️God and the principles of human reason
When Rousseau focuses on 'Nature as Basis for Morality', what IS he talking about? -
✔️✔️Human nature as selfish in a good way, a naturally good kind of self interest
"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains" - ✔️✔️Rousseau
The puzzle of the social contract - ✔️✔️How to be free, moral individuals AND obey
laws that guide us as people
When Rousseau says we are forced to be free, he means... - ✔️✔️We are commanded
by laws and authorities, but for the sake of our own liberty and preservation
What kind of government does Rousseau prefer? - ✔️✔️Minimal government
At full effect, what can natural goodness do? - ✔️✔️Serve general will
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? - ✔️✔️Jefferson
Jefferson borrowed from Rousseau in order to... - ✔️✔️1. Justify a rejection of British
rule
2. Set forth principles for new government
Jefferson's justification for rebellion - ✔️✔️It isn't a right, it is a duty
Concerns about Rousseau - ✔️✔️Is human nature really inclined towards goodness?
Can individual liberty and general will really harmonize? Giving too much force of
command to government?
Sartre's focal problem - ✔️✔️What is the nature of human identity in the context of real-
time human experience? (Who am I?)
The problem with the self - ✔️✔️I'm supposed to define myself, but I also feel so
defined by life (the challenge of choice)
"Existence precedes essence" - ✔️✔️Sartre
Sartre's knife example - ✔️✔️The knife (an object) has a design (essence), but a
human does not
What is essence? - ✔️✔️The definitive thing in something that gives it it's purpose
