Nurs 8022 Exam 2 Newest// Actual Exam-
2025 With Detailed Questions And
Accurate Answers
Resistance/Adaption
- Mobilization that contribute to fight or flight
- Begins with the actions of adrenal hormones (Cortisol, epinephrine, and
norepinephrine)
Exhaustion (allostatic overload)
- Progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms
- May lead to onset of disease
- Occurs only if stress continues and adaption is not successful
Stress Response - CORRECT ANSWER Initiated by the central nervous system and
the endocrine system ▪ Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from
hypothalamus
SNS aroused during stress response
▪ Causes adrenal gland medulla to release catecholamines
- stimulate fight or flight
▪ Hypothalamic CRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release a variety of hormones
- Anterior pituitary gland: prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone and ACTH
-- ACTH: stimulates the adrenal gland cortex to release cortisol
HIV Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER Retrovirus - carries genetic information in
RNA instead of DNA
HIV attaches to CD4+ (T helpers)
,HIV RNA enters the cells and converts its RNA to DNA in the cell, therefore the body's
cells begin producing the virus
This process kills the CD4+ cells and releases more HIV
• Immune system fights back to reduce the HIV levels with Tk cells (CD8)
▪ Final phase of HIV occurs when sufficient number of CD4 cells are destroyed and
when production of new CD4 cells cannot match destruction
AIDS defining conditions: CD4 <200 and appearance of 1 or more opportunistic
infections
Opportunistic infections: cancers, Kaposi sarcoma, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis
jiroveci
The ABO system - CORRECT ANSWER Two major carbohydrate antigens
- A and B are co-domininate
- Antibodies are of the IgM class
Blood Types
- A antigen (have B antibodies)
- B antigen (have A antibodies)
- AB antigens (no antibodies)
- O No antigen (both A and B antibodies)
rH System - CORRECT ANSWER rH positive: expresses D antigen
rH negative: does not express D antigen
rH negative can make anti-D if exposure to rH D positive
- Can cause hemolytic disease to newborn if newborn infant is rH positive
Alloimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
,Types of Alloimmunity Reactions - CORRECT ANSWER Transfusion Reaction
Graft Reaction
Fetus rH incapatability
Graft Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER Alloiummune reaction
Matching Human-Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) is critical for graft acceptance
Graft Reaction Classification - CORRECT ANSWER Classified according to time
• Hyperacute: immediate and rare; pre- existing antibody to graft antigens
• Acute: cell-mediated response against unmatched HLA antigens; created after
transplant; Type VI mediated response
• Chronic: months or years; due to a weak cell-mediated reaction against minor HLA
Deficiencies in Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER Impaired function of T cells, B cells,
phagocytes, and/or complement
- Primary (congenital): Genetic
- Secondary (acquired): Caused by other illnesses
Type of infection can lead to a diagnosis of a type of deficiency:
Gonorrhea = Complement deficiency.
Viral infections = T-cell deficiency
Microorganisms requiring opsonization = B-cell and phagocyte deficiencies
Much more common
, ** Hallmark signs: Recurrent, severe infections, often with opportunistic organisms
Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER Immediate; within minutes
Humoral response
IgE + Mast Cells
- Masts cells degranulate to release Histamine --> Anaphylaxis Response
IgE = Ewww = Eosinophils --> Asthma, Allergy, Atropy, Anaphylaxis
Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER Ctyotoxic, occur in 1 day
Humoral response
Antigen-antibody complexes bound to surface of cell
Inhibit target:
- Inflammation i.e Rheumatic fever, Hyperacute Transplant Rejection
- Cell dysfunction i.e Myasthenia Gravis, Pemphigus Vulgaris (muscles are in trouble,
skin is toast)
Stimulate target:
- Graves’ Disease
anti-TSH receptor antibodies = increase in T3 and T4
Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER Serum Immune Complexes;
occur in 1-2 days
Humoral response
2025 With Detailed Questions And
Accurate Answers
Resistance/Adaption
- Mobilization that contribute to fight or flight
- Begins with the actions of adrenal hormones (Cortisol, epinephrine, and
norepinephrine)
Exhaustion (allostatic overload)
- Progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms
- May lead to onset of disease
- Occurs only if stress continues and adaption is not successful
Stress Response - CORRECT ANSWER Initiated by the central nervous system and
the endocrine system ▪ Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from
hypothalamus
SNS aroused during stress response
▪ Causes adrenal gland medulla to release catecholamines
- stimulate fight or flight
▪ Hypothalamic CRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release a variety of hormones
- Anterior pituitary gland: prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone and ACTH
-- ACTH: stimulates the adrenal gland cortex to release cortisol
HIV Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER Retrovirus - carries genetic information in
RNA instead of DNA
HIV attaches to CD4+ (T helpers)
,HIV RNA enters the cells and converts its RNA to DNA in the cell, therefore the body's
cells begin producing the virus
This process kills the CD4+ cells and releases more HIV
• Immune system fights back to reduce the HIV levels with Tk cells (CD8)
▪ Final phase of HIV occurs when sufficient number of CD4 cells are destroyed and
when production of new CD4 cells cannot match destruction
AIDS defining conditions: CD4 <200 and appearance of 1 or more opportunistic
infections
Opportunistic infections: cancers, Kaposi sarcoma, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis
jiroveci
The ABO system - CORRECT ANSWER Two major carbohydrate antigens
- A and B are co-domininate
- Antibodies are of the IgM class
Blood Types
- A antigen (have B antibodies)
- B antigen (have A antibodies)
- AB antigens (no antibodies)
- O No antigen (both A and B antibodies)
rH System - CORRECT ANSWER rH positive: expresses D antigen
rH negative: does not express D antigen
rH negative can make anti-D if exposure to rH D positive
- Can cause hemolytic disease to newborn if newborn infant is rH positive
Alloimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
,Types of Alloimmunity Reactions - CORRECT ANSWER Transfusion Reaction
Graft Reaction
Fetus rH incapatability
Graft Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER Alloiummune reaction
Matching Human-Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) is critical for graft acceptance
Graft Reaction Classification - CORRECT ANSWER Classified according to time
• Hyperacute: immediate and rare; pre- existing antibody to graft antigens
• Acute: cell-mediated response against unmatched HLA antigens; created after
transplant; Type VI mediated response
• Chronic: months or years; due to a weak cell-mediated reaction against minor HLA
Deficiencies in Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER Impaired function of T cells, B cells,
phagocytes, and/or complement
- Primary (congenital): Genetic
- Secondary (acquired): Caused by other illnesses
Type of infection can lead to a diagnosis of a type of deficiency:
Gonorrhea = Complement deficiency.
Viral infections = T-cell deficiency
Microorganisms requiring opsonization = B-cell and phagocyte deficiencies
Much more common
, ** Hallmark signs: Recurrent, severe infections, often with opportunistic organisms
Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER Immediate; within minutes
Humoral response
IgE + Mast Cells
- Masts cells degranulate to release Histamine --> Anaphylaxis Response
IgE = Ewww = Eosinophils --> Asthma, Allergy, Atropy, Anaphylaxis
Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER Ctyotoxic, occur in 1 day
Humoral response
Antigen-antibody complexes bound to surface of cell
Inhibit target:
- Inflammation i.e Rheumatic fever, Hyperacute Transplant Rejection
- Cell dysfunction i.e Myasthenia Gravis, Pemphigus Vulgaris (muscles are in trouble,
skin is toast)
Stimulate target:
- Graves’ Disease
anti-TSH receptor antibodies = increase in T3 and T4
Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER Serum Immune Complexes;
occur in 1-2 days
Humoral response
