CCJ 3011 Exam 4 With
Complete Solution
What is the deterrence theory's main hypothesis? - ANSWER Experiencing a
formal legal punishment will decrease criminal behavior
What is the labeling theory's main hypothesis? - ANSWER -Experiencing a
formal legal punishment will increase criminal behavior
-Legal punishments are stigmatizing
Historical context of labeling theory: 1960s and 1970s - ANSWER -Period
marked by civil unrest
-Critical criminology
Critical criminology - ANSWER -Class struggle in society
-The upper class has the power to influence the law
-Behaviors by the lower class more likely to be labeled as a crime
Historical context of labeling theory: Self-reported surveys - ANSWER While
the majority of people in prison were Black or Hispanic/Latinx, these groups
reported comparable criminal involvement to Whites
Cooley (1902): Human Nature and the Social Order - ANSWER -Looking-glass
self
-Reflexivity
,Looking-glass self - ANSWER the process of obtaining our self-image early in
life through the eyes of others
Reflexivity - ANSWER -What we think of ourselves largely depends on what
we perceive others think of us
-I.e., attractive, ugly, funny, smart, cool, etc.
George Herbert Mead (1934): Mind, Self, and Society - ANSWER 1.) Symbolic
interactionism
2.) Conversation of gestures
Symbolic interactionism - ANSWER When we accurately interpret each
other's gestures in our conversations and organize our behavior according to
our mutual understanding of those gestures
Conversation of gestures - ANSWER When we do not accurately interpret
each other's gestures in our conversations.
Frank Tannenbaum (1938): Crime and the Community - ANSWER -Disconnect
between the way youths view their behavior and the way adults view it
-"Dramatization of evil"
-Goffman (1963) labels as stigmatizing
-Becker (1963): "criminal" label as a master status
"Dramatization of evil" - ANSWER When society condemns youths who break
minor laws, labeling them as "evil" rather than seeing their actions as "evil"
, Stigma (Goffman) - ANSWER a deeply discrediting social status that can lead
to rejection by society
Crime and the Community: What plays a greater role in making the criminal
than perhaps any other experience? - ANSWER The dramatization of evil
separates the child out of (their) group for special treatment
Crime and the Community: The process of making the criminal - ANSWER
-Process of tagging, defining, identifying, (and) segregating
-Becomes a way of stimulating, suggesting, emphasizing, and evoking the
very traits that are complained of
-The person becomes the thing (they are) described as being"
Lemert (1951): Social Pathology - ANSWER -Primary deviance
-Secondary deviance
Primary deviance - ANSWER -Refers to minor, infrequent deviance youth
commit before they are labeled
-Main point: youth who engage in primary deviance do not see themselves as
"bad" boys or girls
Youths who commit primary deviance and get arrested for it are at risk of
Complete Solution
What is the deterrence theory's main hypothesis? - ANSWER Experiencing a
formal legal punishment will decrease criminal behavior
What is the labeling theory's main hypothesis? - ANSWER -Experiencing a
formal legal punishment will increase criminal behavior
-Legal punishments are stigmatizing
Historical context of labeling theory: 1960s and 1970s - ANSWER -Period
marked by civil unrest
-Critical criminology
Critical criminology - ANSWER -Class struggle in society
-The upper class has the power to influence the law
-Behaviors by the lower class more likely to be labeled as a crime
Historical context of labeling theory: Self-reported surveys - ANSWER While
the majority of people in prison were Black or Hispanic/Latinx, these groups
reported comparable criminal involvement to Whites
Cooley (1902): Human Nature and the Social Order - ANSWER -Looking-glass
self
-Reflexivity
,Looking-glass self - ANSWER the process of obtaining our self-image early in
life through the eyes of others
Reflexivity - ANSWER -What we think of ourselves largely depends on what
we perceive others think of us
-I.e., attractive, ugly, funny, smart, cool, etc.
George Herbert Mead (1934): Mind, Self, and Society - ANSWER 1.) Symbolic
interactionism
2.) Conversation of gestures
Symbolic interactionism - ANSWER When we accurately interpret each
other's gestures in our conversations and organize our behavior according to
our mutual understanding of those gestures
Conversation of gestures - ANSWER When we do not accurately interpret
each other's gestures in our conversations.
Frank Tannenbaum (1938): Crime and the Community - ANSWER -Disconnect
between the way youths view their behavior and the way adults view it
-"Dramatization of evil"
-Goffman (1963) labels as stigmatizing
-Becker (1963): "criminal" label as a master status
"Dramatization of evil" - ANSWER When society condemns youths who break
minor laws, labeling them as "evil" rather than seeing their actions as "evil"
, Stigma (Goffman) - ANSWER a deeply discrediting social status that can lead
to rejection by society
Crime and the Community: What plays a greater role in making the criminal
than perhaps any other experience? - ANSWER The dramatization of evil
separates the child out of (their) group for special treatment
Crime and the Community: The process of making the criminal - ANSWER
-Process of tagging, defining, identifying, (and) segregating
-Becomes a way of stimulating, suggesting, emphasizing, and evoking the
very traits that are complained of
-The person becomes the thing (they are) described as being"
Lemert (1951): Social Pathology - ANSWER -Primary deviance
-Secondary deviance
Primary deviance - ANSWER -Refers to minor, infrequent deviance youth
commit before they are labeled
-Main point: youth who engage in primary deviance do not see themselves as
"bad" boys or girls
Youths who commit primary deviance and get arrested for it are at risk of
