Janeway's Immunobiology Chapter 1:
Basic Concepts in Immunology With
Questions And Answers
complement regulatory proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Proteins that control
complement activity and prevent complement from being activated on the surfaces of
host cells.
constant region - CORRECT ANSWERS-(C region) That part of an immunoglobulin or a
T-cell receptor that is relatively constant in amino acid sequence between different
molecules. Also known as the Fc region in antibodies. The constant region of an
antibody determines its particular effector function.
co-receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cell-surface protein that increases the sensitivity
of a receptor to its ligand by binding to associated ligands and participating in signaling.
The antigen receptors on T cells and B cells act in conjunction with co-receptors, which
are either CD4 or CD8 on T cells, and a co-receptor complex of three proteins, one of
which is the complement receptor CR2, on B cells.
cortex - CORRECT ANSWERS-The outer part of a tissue or organ; in lymph nodes it
refers to the follicles, which are mainly populated by B cells.
co-stimulatory molecules - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cell-surface proteins on antigen-
presenting cells that deliver co-stimulatory signals to naive T cells. Examples are the B7
molecules on dendritic cells, which are ligands for CD28 on naive T cells.
cytokine - CORRECT ANSWERS-In the most general sense, any small protein made by
a cell that affects the behavior of other cells. Cytokines made by lymphocytes are often
called interleukins (abbreviated IL). Cytokines act via specific cytokine receptors on the
cells that they affect.
cytotoxic T cell - CORRECT ANSWERS-Type of T cell that can kill other cells. Most
cytotoxic T cells are MHC class I-restricted CD8 T cells, but CD4 T cells can also kill
in some cases. Cytotoxic T cells are important in host defense against intracellular
pathogens that live or reproduce in the cell's cytosol.
dendritic cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-Bone marrow derived cells found in most
tissues, including lymphoid tissues. There are two main functional subsets.
Conventional dendritic cells take up antigen in peripheral tissues, are activated by
contact with pathogens, and travel to the peripheral lymphoid organs, where they are
the most potent stimulators of T-cell responses. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells can also
take up and present antigen, but their main function in an infection is to produce large
, amounts of the antiviral interferons as a result of pathogen recognition through
receptors such as TLRs. Both these types of dendritic cells are distinct from the
follicular dendritic cell that presents antigen to B cells in lymphoid follicles.
draining lymph node - CORRECT ANSWERS-A lymph node downstream of a site of
infection that receives antigens and microbes from the site via the lymphatic system.
Draining lymph nodes often enlarge enormously during an immune response and can
be palpated; they were originally called swollen glands.
acquired immune response - CORRECT ANSWERS-The response of antigen-specific
lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory. Adaptive
immune responses are distinct from the innate and nonadaptive phases of immunity,
which are not mediated by clonal selection of antigen-specific lymphocytes.
adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immunity to infection conferred by an
adaptive immune response.
adenoids - CORRECT ANSWERS-Paired mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues located
in the nasal cavity.
adjuvant - CORRECT ANSWERS-Any substance that enhances the immune response
to an antigen with which it is mixed.
afferent lymphatic vessels - CORRECT ANSWERS-Vessels of the lymphatic system
that drain extracellular fluid from the tissues and carry antigen, macrophages, and
dendritic cells from sites of infection to lymph nodes or other peripheral lymphoid
organs.
affinity maturation - CORRECT ANSWERS-The increase in affinity for their specific
antigen of the antibodies produced as an adaptive immune response progresses. This
phenomenon is particularly prominent in secondary and subsequent immunizations.
antibody - CORRECT ANSWERS-Each antibody molecule has a unique structure that
enables it to bind specifically to its corresponding antigen, but all antibodies have the
same overall structure and are known collectively as immunoglobulins. Antibodies are
produced by differentiated B cells (plasma cells) in response to infection or
immunization, and bind to and neutralize pathogens or prepare them for uptake and
destruction by phagocytes. Are a protein.
antigen - CORRECT ANSWERS-Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody
or generate peptide fragments that are recognized by a T-cell receptor.
antigen-binding site - CORRECT ANSWERS-The site at the tip of each arm of an
antibody that makes physical contact with the antigen and binds it noncovalently. The
antigen specificity of the site is determined by its shape and the amino acids present.
Basic Concepts in Immunology With
Questions And Answers
complement regulatory proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Proteins that control
complement activity and prevent complement from being activated on the surfaces of
host cells.
constant region - CORRECT ANSWERS-(C region) That part of an immunoglobulin or a
T-cell receptor that is relatively constant in amino acid sequence between different
molecules. Also known as the Fc region in antibodies. The constant region of an
antibody determines its particular effector function.
co-receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cell-surface protein that increases the sensitivity
of a receptor to its ligand by binding to associated ligands and participating in signaling.
The antigen receptors on T cells and B cells act in conjunction with co-receptors, which
are either CD4 or CD8 on T cells, and a co-receptor complex of three proteins, one of
which is the complement receptor CR2, on B cells.
cortex - CORRECT ANSWERS-The outer part of a tissue or organ; in lymph nodes it
refers to the follicles, which are mainly populated by B cells.
co-stimulatory molecules - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cell-surface proteins on antigen-
presenting cells that deliver co-stimulatory signals to naive T cells. Examples are the B7
molecules on dendritic cells, which are ligands for CD28 on naive T cells.
cytokine - CORRECT ANSWERS-In the most general sense, any small protein made by
a cell that affects the behavior of other cells. Cytokines made by lymphocytes are often
called interleukins (abbreviated IL). Cytokines act via specific cytokine receptors on the
cells that they affect.
cytotoxic T cell - CORRECT ANSWERS-Type of T cell that can kill other cells. Most
cytotoxic T cells are MHC class I-restricted CD8 T cells, but CD4 T cells can also kill
in some cases. Cytotoxic T cells are important in host defense against intracellular
pathogens that live or reproduce in the cell's cytosol.
dendritic cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-Bone marrow derived cells found in most
tissues, including lymphoid tissues. There are two main functional subsets.
Conventional dendritic cells take up antigen in peripheral tissues, are activated by
contact with pathogens, and travel to the peripheral lymphoid organs, where they are
the most potent stimulators of T-cell responses. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells can also
take up and present antigen, but their main function in an infection is to produce large
, amounts of the antiviral interferons as a result of pathogen recognition through
receptors such as TLRs. Both these types of dendritic cells are distinct from the
follicular dendritic cell that presents antigen to B cells in lymphoid follicles.
draining lymph node - CORRECT ANSWERS-A lymph node downstream of a site of
infection that receives antigens and microbes from the site via the lymphatic system.
Draining lymph nodes often enlarge enormously during an immune response and can
be palpated; they were originally called swollen glands.
acquired immune response - CORRECT ANSWERS-The response of antigen-specific
lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory. Adaptive
immune responses are distinct from the innate and nonadaptive phases of immunity,
which are not mediated by clonal selection of antigen-specific lymphocytes.
adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immunity to infection conferred by an
adaptive immune response.
adenoids - CORRECT ANSWERS-Paired mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues located
in the nasal cavity.
adjuvant - CORRECT ANSWERS-Any substance that enhances the immune response
to an antigen with which it is mixed.
afferent lymphatic vessels - CORRECT ANSWERS-Vessels of the lymphatic system
that drain extracellular fluid from the tissues and carry antigen, macrophages, and
dendritic cells from sites of infection to lymph nodes or other peripheral lymphoid
organs.
affinity maturation - CORRECT ANSWERS-The increase in affinity for their specific
antigen of the antibodies produced as an adaptive immune response progresses. This
phenomenon is particularly prominent in secondary and subsequent immunizations.
antibody - CORRECT ANSWERS-Each antibody molecule has a unique structure that
enables it to bind specifically to its corresponding antigen, but all antibodies have the
same overall structure and are known collectively as immunoglobulins. Antibodies are
produced by differentiated B cells (plasma cells) in response to infection or
immunization, and bind to and neutralize pathogens or prepare them for uptake and
destruction by phagocytes. Are a protein.
antigen - CORRECT ANSWERS-Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody
or generate peptide fragments that are recognized by a T-cell receptor.
antigen-binding site - CORRECT ANSWERS-The site at the tip of each arm of an
antibody that makes physical contact with the antigen and binds it noncovalently. The
antigen specificity of the site is determined by its shape and the amino acids present.
