NU 431 Final Exam With
Complete Solution
Perfusion - ANSWER gas exchange of O2 and CO2 at the alveoli
Ventilation - ANSWER movement of air in and out of the lungs
Oxygenation - ANSWER process of O2 passively diffusing from alveoli to
blood, attaching to hemoglobin
Resp monitoring - ANSWER Always look at trends & patient status! PIE
(problem, intervention, evaluation)
Normal resp saturation - ANSWER over 92% (88-92% in COPD and
pulmonary fibrosis)
Supplemental oxygen indications - ANSWER Fever, anxiety, infection, anemia
(due to poorly functioning RBCs and hemoglobin ineffectiveness),
PaO2 under 60, SaO2 under 90
% oxygen per liter - ANSWER RA: 21% (every liter adds ~4%)
1L: 24%
5L: 40%
10L: 60%
15L: 80%
Nasal cannula - ANSWER 1-6 L/min, high flow can reach up to 60 L/min
humidified O2
, Simple face mask - ANSWER 5-10 L/min, short term, helpful for transport
Partial rebreather - ANSWER 8-10 L/min, simple mask + reservoir bag
Nonrebreather - ANSWER Minimum 10 L/min, one way valves, prevents CO2
rebreathing, ensure valves are uncovered!
Venturi - ANSWER 2-15 L/min, most accurate O2 concentration
Tracheostomy collar - ANSWER goes over tracheostomy, needs humidified
oxygen
T-piece adapter - ANSWER Used to wean patient off ventilator (spontaneous
breathing trial), can use with NG, ET, or trach tube
CPAP - ANSWER Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, keeps alveoli open and
delivers more O2
BiPAP - ANSWER Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure
(provides more pressure when you inhale, making it easier to breathe; used
in sleep apnea)
Oxygen toxicity - ANSWER Administration of O2 50%+ over 24-48 hours,
damages alveolar-capillary membrane and inactivate surfactant production
Absorption atelectasis - ANSWER Increased O2 causes the alveoli to collapse,
high O2 levels dilute the nitrogen preventing alveolar collapse
Oxygen complications - ANSWER infection from compromised delivery
system, mucous membrane dryness
Endotracheal tube (ETT) - ANSWER artificial airway (indications: upper airway
obstruction, apnea, high aspiration risk, ineffective airway clearance, resp
distress
Complete Solution
Perfusion - ANSWER gas exchange of O2 and CO2 at the alveoli
Ventilation - ANSWER movement of air in and out of the lungs
Oxygenation - ANSWER process of O2 passively diffusing from alveoli to
blood, attaching to hemoglobin
Resp monitoring - ANSWER Always look at trends & patient status! PIE
(problem, intervention, evaluation)
Normal resp saturation - ANSWER over 92% (88-92% in COPD and
pulmonary fibrosis)
Supplemental oxygen indications - ANSWER Fever, anxiety, infection, anemia
(due to poorly functioning RBCs and hemoglobin ineffectiveness),
PaO2 under 60, SaO2 under 90
% oxygen per liter - ANSWER RA: 21% (every liter adds ~4%)
1L: 24%
5L: 40%
10L: 60%
15L: 80%
Nasal cannula - ANSWER 1-6 L/min, high flow can reach up to 60 L/min
humidified O2
, Simple face mask - ANSWER 5-10 L/min, short term, helpful for transport
Partial rebreather - ANSWER 8-10 L/min, simple mask + reservoir bag
Nonrebreather - ANSWER Minimum 10 L/min, one way valves, prevents CO2
rebreathing, ensure valves are uncovered!
Venturi - ANSWER 2-15 L/min, most accurate O2 concentration
Tracheostomy collar - ANSWER goes over tracheostomy, needs humidified
oxygen
T-piece adapter - ANSWER Used to wean patient off ventilator (spontaneous
breathing trial), can use with NG, ET, or trach tube
CPAP - ANSWER Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, keeps alveoli open and
delivers more O2
BiPAP - ANSWER Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure
(provides more pressure when you inhale, making it easier to breathe; used
in sleep apnea)
Oxygen toxicity - ANSWER Administration of O2 50%+ over 24-48 hours,
damages alveolar-capillary membrane and inactivate surfactant production
Absorption atelectasis - ANSWER Increased O2 causes the alveoli to collapse,
high O2 levels dilute the nitrogen preventing alveolar collapse
Oxygen complications - ANSWER infection from compromised delivery
system, mucous membrane dryness
Endotracheal tube (ETT) - ANSWER artificial airway (indications: upper airway
obstruction, apnea, high aspiration risk, ineffective airway clearance, resp
distress
