SYG 2000 Final Exam Review
Accomplishment of Natural Growth - Annette Lareau - ✔️✔️Working class and poor
parents focus on accomplishment of natural growth, they give their children the room
and resources to develop, but leave it up to the kids to decide how they want to
structure their free time.
Symbolic Interactionism - George Herbert Mead - ✔️✔️A micro-level theory in which
shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind
people's actions.
Dramaturgical Theory - Erving Goffman - ✔️✔️The view of social life as essentially a
theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical states, with roles,
scripts, costumes, and sets.
Ethnomethodology - Harold Garfinklel - ✔️✔️Literally means "the methods of the
people"; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we
make sense of our
Breaching Experiments - Harold Garfinklel - ✔️✔️Garfinklel would send his students
into the social world to see what happened when they breached social norms.
Group Conformity - ✔️✔️Groups have strong influence on our own individual behavior.
The Asch Experiment - ✔️✔️Sought out to demonstrate the power of norms of social
conformity. He gathered subjects into a room under the pretense that they were
participating in a vision test, showed them two images of lines, and asked which ones
were longer and which were the same length. The trick was that one person was really
the research subject and the rest knew to give the same incorrect answer. The subjects
were most confused when the group all had the same answer.
Quantitative methods - ✔️✔️seek to obtain information about the social world that is
already in or can be converted to numeric form.
Deductive approach - ✔️✔️starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical
observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original
theory.
, Inductive approach - ✔️✔️starts with empirical observations and then works to form a
theory.
Causality vs. Correlation - ✔️✔️Causality means that a change in one factor causes a
change in another. Correlation, however, just means that we observe a change in both.
The Challenges of Establishing Causality - ✔️✔️Time order is important or reverse
causality can occur in which you would think that A results in change in B, but really B is
causing a change in A.
Dependent Variables - ✔️✔️The outcome that the researcher is trying to explain.
Independent Variables - ✔️✔️A measured factor that the researcher believes has a
causal impact on the dependent variable.
Hypothesis - ✔️✔️A proposed relationship between two variables.
Hypothesis Testing - ✔️✔️Relates to operationalization, which is the process of
assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular
study. Really helps us see how to pieces of a puzzle fit together.
Culture - ✔️✔️A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum of the social
categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs. In addition to beliefs,
behaviors (except instinctual ones) and practices; everything but the natural
environment around us.
Ethnocentrism - ✔️✔️The belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others,
and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own.
Material culture - ✔️✔️Everything that is a part of our constructed, physical
environment, including technology.
Nonmaterial culture - ✔️✔️Values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.
Ideology - ✔️✔️a system of concepts and relationships; an understanding of cause and
effect.
Cultural relativism - ✔️✔️Taking into account the differences across cultures without
passing judgement or assigning value.
Cultural Scripts - ✔️✔️Modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or
natural.
Accomplishment of Natural Growth - Annette Lareau - ✔️✔️Working class and poor
parents focus on accomplishment of natural growth, they give their children the room
and resources to develop, but leave it up to the kids to decide how they want to
structure their free time.
Symbolic Interactionism - George Herbert Mead - ✔️✔️A micro-level theory in which
shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind
people's actions.
Dramaturgical Theory - Erving Goffman - ✔️✔️The view of social life as essentially a
theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical states, with roles,
scripts, costumes, and sets.
Ethnomethodology - Harold Garfinklel - ✔️✔️Literally means "the methods of the
people"; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we
make sense of our
Breaching Experiments - Harold Garfinklel - ✔️✔️Garfinklel would send his students
into the social world to see what happened when they breached social norms.
Group Conformity - ✔️✔️Groups have strong influence on our own individual behavior.
The Asch Experiment - ✔️✔️Sought out to demonstrate the power of norms of social
conformity. He gathered subjects into a room under the pretense that they were
participating in a vision test, showed them two images of lines, and asked which ones
were longer and which were the same length. The trick was that one person was really
the research subject and the rest knew to give the same incorrect answer. The subjects
were most confused when the group all had the same answer.
Quantitative methods - ✔️✔️seek to obtain information about the social world that is
already in or can be converted to numeric form.
Deductive approach - ✔️✔️starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical
observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original
theory.
, Inductive approach - ✔️✔️starts with empirical observations and then works to form a
theory.
Causality vs. Correlation - ✔️✔️Causality means that a change in one factor causes a
change in another. Correlation, however, just means that we observe a change in both.
The Challenges of Establishing Causality - ✔️✔️Time order is important or reverse
causality can occur in which you would think that A results in change in B, but really B is
causing a change in A.
Dependent Variables - ✔️✔️The outcome that the researcher is trying to explain.
Independent Variables - ✔️✔️A measured factor that the researcher believes has a
causal impact on the dependent variable.
Hypothesis - ✔️✔️A proposed relationship between two variables.
Hypothesis Testing - ✔️✔️Relates to operationalization, which is the process of
assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular
study. Really helps us see how to pieces of a puzzle fit together.
Culture - ✔️✔️A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum of the social
categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs. In addition to beliefs,
behaviors (except instinctual ones) and practices; everything but the natural
environment around us.
Ethnocentrism - ✔️✔️The belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others,
and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own.
Material culture - ✔️✔️Everything that is a part of our constructed, physical
environment, including technology.
Nonmaterial culture - ✔️✔️Values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.
Ideology - ✔️✔️a system of concepts and relationships; an understanding of cause and
effect.
Cultural relativism - ✔️✔️Taking into account the differences across cultures without
passing judgement or assigning value.
Cultural Scripts - ✔️✔️Modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or
natural.
