NYSTCE CST School Counselor
Five theories of counseling - ✔✔ correct answer 1. Psychoanalytic counseling
2. Behavioral counseling
3. Cognitive counseling
4. Humanistic counseling
5. Holistic counseling
Psychoanalytic Theory - ✔✔ correct answer A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain
personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Application of Psychoanalytic theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer - Understanding underlying issues:
Helping students explore unconscious motivations that may affect their behavior and academic
performance.
- Developing insight: Assisting students in understanding how past experiences influence present
behavior.
- Emotional expression: Providing a safe space for students to express and process complex emotions.
Behavioral Theory - ✔✔ correct answer Use of reinforcement methods to change learners' behaviors
Application of Behavioral theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer - Positive reinforcement: Using rewards
to reinforce desirable behaviors such as attendance, homework completion, and participation.
- Behavior modification plans: Implementing strategies to reduce disruptive behaviors in the classroom.
- Skills Training: Teaching social skills, study skills, and coping mechanisms.
Cognitive Theory - ✔✔ correct answer A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how
people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and
behaviors.
Application of Cognitive theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer - Anxiety: Helping clients identify and
challenge anxious thoughts.
- Depression: Addressing negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future.
- Stress Management: Developing more adaptive thinking patterns to cope with stress.
,NYSTCE CST School Counselor
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - ✔✔ correct answer A popular integrative therapy that combines
cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Application of CBT - ✔✔ correct answer - Problem-solving skills: CBT helps students develop strategies to
tackle academic and personal problems.
- Stress management: Techniques like cognitive restructuring can reduce anxiety related to exams and
peer pressure.
- Behavioral interventions: Techniques like setting goals and self-monitoring can improve study habits
and classroom behavior.
Humanistic Theory - ✔✔ correct answer View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy
personal growth
Application of Humanistic theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer Person- Centered Therapy
- Empathy and unconditional positive regard: Creating a supportive environment where students feel
valued and understood.
- Self-concept: Helping students build a positive self-image, which can enhance motivation and academic
performance.
- Active listening: Encouraging students to express their feelings and thoughts, promoting emotional
regulation and interpersonal skills.
Holistic Theory - ✔✔ correct answer All parts of the brain are involved in the processing of thought and
action
Application of Holistic theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer Existential Therapy
- Meaning and purpose: Helping students explore their values, goals, and sense of purpose.
- Authenticity: Encouraging students to be true to themselves and make choices that align with their
values.
, NYSTCE CST School Counselor
- Coping with existential anxiety: Assisting students in dealing with issues related to identity, freedom,
and responsibility.
Integrating theories into education counseling setting - ✔✔ correct answer - Individual counseling
sessions: Providing one-on-one support tailored to the specific needs of students.
- Group counseling: Facilitating peer support groups that address common issues such as stress, bullying,
and social skills.
- Classroom interventions: Implementing programs and activities that promote mental health and well-
being.
- Teacher training: Equipping teachers with counseling skills and strategies to support students in the
classroom.
Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) - ✔✔ correct answer A postmodern approach to therapy that
provides a context whereby individuals focus on recovering and creating solutions rather than talking
about their problems.
Application of Solution- Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) - ✔✔ correct answer - Goal setting: Assisting
students in setting and achieving short-term academic and personal goals.
- Identifying strengths: Focusing on students' successes and capabilities to build confidence and
resilience.
- Constructive feedback: Providing positive reinforcement and encouragement to foster a growth
mindset.
Adlerian Therapy - ✔✔ correct answer Alfred Adler. It is a holistic and goal-oriented approach that
emphasizes understanding individuals within their social context. Adler believed that human behavior is
purposeful, and that people are motivated by a desire to achieve personal goals and overcome feelings
of inferiority.
Application of Adlerian Therapy in counseling - ✔✔ correct answer - Social interest and community
feeling: Promoting a sense of belonging and cooperation within the school environment.
Five theories of counseling - ✔✔ correct answer 1. Psychoanalytic counseling
2. Behavioral counseling
3. Cognitive counseling
4. Humanistic counseling
5. Holistic counseling
Psychoanalytic Theory - ✔✔ correct answer A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain
personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Application of Psychoanalytic theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer - Understanding underlying issues:
Helping students explore unconscious motivations that may affect their behavior and academic
performance.
- Developing insight: Assisting students in understanding how past experiences influence present
behavior.
- Emotional expression: Providing a safe space for students to express and process complex emotions.
Behavioral Theory - ✔✔ correct answer Use of reinforcement methods to change learners' behaviors
Application of Behavioral theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer - Positive reinforcement: Using rewards
to reinforce desirable behaviors such as attendance, homework completion, and participation.
- Behavior modification plans: Implementing strategies to reduce disruptive behaviors in the classroom.
- Skills Training: Teaching social skills, study skills, and coping mechanisms.
Cognitive Theory - ✔✔ correct answer A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how
people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and
behaviors.
Application of Cognitive theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer - Anxiety: Helping clients identify and
challenge anxious thoughts.
- Depression: Addressing negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future.
- Stress Management: Developing more adaptive thinking patterns to cope with stress.
,NYSTCE CST School Counselor
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - ✔✔ correct answer A popular integrative therapy that combines
cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Application of CBT - ✔✔ correct answer - Problem-solving skills: CBT helps students develop strategies to
tackle academic and personal problems.
- Stress management: Techniques like cognitive restructuring can reduce anxiety related to exams and
peer pressure.
- Behavioral interventions: Techniques like setting goals and self-monitoring can improve study habits
and classroom behavior.
Humanistic Theory - ✔✔ correct answer View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy
personal growth
Application of Humanistic theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer Person- Centered Therapy
- Empathy and unconditional positive regard: Creating a supportive environment where students feel
valued and understood.
- Self-concept: Helping students build a positive self-image, which can enhance motivation and academic
performance.
- Active listening: Encouraging students to express their feelings and thoughts, promoting emotional
regulation and interpersonal skills.
Holistic Theory - ✔✔ correct answer All parts of the brain are involved in the processing of thought and
action
Application of Holistic theory in therapy - ✔✔ correct answer Existential Therapy
- Meaning and purpose: Helping students explore their values, goals, and sense of purpose.
- Authenticity: Encouraging students to be true to themselves and make choices that align with their
values.
, NYSTCE CST School Counselor
- Coping with existential anxiety: Assisting students in dealing with issues related to identity, freedom,
and responsibility.
Integrating theories into education counseling setting - ✔✔ correct answer - Individual counseling
sessions: Providing one-on-one support tailored to the specific needs of students.
- Group counseling: Facilitating peer support groups that address common issues such as stress, bullying,
and social skills.
- Classroom interventions: Implementing programs and activities that promote mental health and well-
being.
- Teacher training: Equipping teachers with counseling skills and strategies to support students in the
classroom.
Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) - ✔✔ correct answer A postmodern approach to therapy that
provides a context whereby individuals focus on recovering and creating solutions rather than talking
about their problems.
Application of Solution- Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) - ✔✔ correct answer - Goal setting: Assisting
students in setting and achieving short-term academic and personal goals.
- Identifying strengths: Focusing on students' successes and capabilities to build confidence and
resilience.
- Constructive feedback: Providing positive reinforcement and encouragement to foster a growth
mindset.
Adlerian Therapy - ✔✔ correct answer Alfred Adler. It is a holistic and goal-oriented approach that
emphasizes understanding individuals within their social context. Adler believed that human behavior is
purposeful, and that people are motivated by a desire to achieve personal goals and overcome feelings
of inferiority.
Application of Adlerian Therapy in counseling - ✔✔ correct answer - Social interest and community
feeling: Promoting a sense of belonging and cooperation within the school environment.
