NYSTCE ESOL CST
Intonation - ✔✔ correct answer the way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - ✔✔ correct answer the smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - ✔✔ correct answer developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinating conjunction - ✔✔ correct answer joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to
which it is related
voiceless sounds - ✔✔ correct answer sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords
Howard Gardner - ✔✔ correct answer created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a
person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential
independent (or main) clause - ✔✔ correct answer a clause that can stand alone as it's own sequence
one-word stage - ✔✔ correct answer stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a
single word to convey a full meaning
humor stage - ✔✔ correct answer stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with
their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture
SIFE - ✔✔ correct answer Students with Interrupted Formal Education
labial consonant sound - ✔✔ correct answer sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming
together (m)
gerund phrase - ✔✔ correct answer phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act as
nouns)
,NYSTCE ESOL CST
connotation - ✔✔ correct answer the emotional association of a word
helping verb - ✔✔ correct answer verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred)
Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - ✔✔ correct answer an individually administered assessment that
measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal analogies,
and letter-word identification
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - ✔✔ correct answer an oral-based approach to language instruction
developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through repetition
phonetics - ✔✔ correct answer the study of the production of sounds in speech
silent way - ✔✔ correct answer teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be
much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons in
order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on learning over
teaching
dependent (or subordinate) clause - ✔✔ correct answer a clause that cannot stand alone as its own
sentence
inferential item - ✔✔ correct answer a piece of information that requires the test taker to read between
the lines in order to determine what an author is implying
communicative competence - ✔✔ correct answer the ability to speak a language both appropriately in a
social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure
two-word stage - ✔✔ correct answer stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and
use word combinations
early stage of literacy development - ✔✔ correct answer characterized by the learner's use of multiple
strategies to predict and understand words
,NYSTCE ESOL CST
intermediate fluency - ✔✔ correct answer fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have
acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and
correct many of their own errors
free morpheme - ✔✔ correct answer a morpheme that can stand on its own
literal item - ✔✔ correct answer information that refers directly back to the content of the reading
material where the answer is defined word by word
monitor hypothesis - ✔✔ correct answer knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be
used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech
validity - ✔✔ correct answer indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to
measure; a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
scaffold - ✔✔ correct answer the support that allows a child to work above their independent level and
is gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
positive behavioral support - ✔✔ correct answer a social learning approach that assumes all persistent
behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - ✔✔ correct answer language needed for academic
work and study
natural order hypothesis - ✔✔ correct answer one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits
that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners
classic conditioning - ✔✔ correct answer learning a response to stimuli or the environment
assimilation - ✔✔ correct answer when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds
, NYSTCE ESOL CST
passive voice - ✔✔ correct answer a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is
receiving the action of the main verb
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - ✔✔ correct answer social skills students use in
everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside the school
norm referenced - ✔✔ correct answer a test that measures students in comparison with other students
of the same age
integrative services - ✔✔ correct answer a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and
the clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected range of needed
assistance
Lau v. Nichols - ✔✔ correct answer This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified School
District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities; the ruling
stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the language needs of non-
English-speaking students.
total physical response (TPR) - ✔✔ correct answer an instructional method that provides students,
particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by listening to
and following spoken comands
bound morpheme - ✔✔ correct answer a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have meaning
sociolinguistics - ✔✔ correct answer the study of language and its relation to society and culture
sheltered instruction - ✔✔ correct answer provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content
while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - ✔✔ correct answer 1973 Supreme Court decision ruled
in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation as had only
previously been given to African American students
Intonation - ✔✔ correct answer the way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - ✔✔ correct answer the smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - ✔✔ correct answer developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinating conjunction - ✔✔ correct answer joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to
which it is related
voiceless sounds - ✔✔ correct answer sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords
Howard Gardner - ✔✔ correct answer created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a
person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential
independent (or main) clause - ✔✔ correct answer a clause that can stand alone as it's own sequence
one-word stage - ✔✔ correct answer stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a
single word to convey a full meaning
humor stage - ✔✔ correct answer stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with
their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture
SIFE - ✔✔ correct answer Students with Interrupted Formal Education
labial consonant sound - ✔✔ correct answer sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming
together (m)
gerund phrase - ✔✔ correct answer phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act as
nouns)
,NYSTCE ESOL CST
connotation - ✔✔ correct answer the emotional association of a word
helping verb - ✔✔ correct answer verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred)
Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - ✔✔ correct answer an individually administered assessment that
measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal analogies,
and letter-word identification
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - ✔✔ correct answer an oral-based approach to language instruction
developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through repetition
phonetics - ✔✔ correct answer the study of the production of sounds in speech
silent way - ✔✔ correct answer teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be
much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons in
order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on learning over
teaching
dependent (or subordinate) clause - ✔✔ correct answer a clause that cannot stand alone as its own
sentence
inferential item - ✔✔ correct answer a piece of information that requires the test taker to read between
the lines in order to determine what an author is implying
communicative competence - ✔✔ correct answer the ability to speak a language both appropriately in a
social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure
two-word stage - ✔✔ correct answer stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and
use word combinations
early stage of literacy development - ✔✔ correct answer characterized by the learner's use of multiple
strategies to predict and understand words
,NYSTCE ESOL CST
intermediate fluency - ✔✔ correct answer fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have
acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and
correct many of their own errors
free morpheme - ✔✔ correct answer a morpheme that can stand on its own
literal item - ✔✔ correct answer information that refers directly back to the content of the reading
material where the answer is defined word by word
monitor hypothesis - ✔✔ correct answer knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be
used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech
validity - ✔✔ correct answer indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to
measure; a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
scaffold - ✔✔ correct answer the support that allows a child to work above their independent level and
is gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
positive behavioral support - ✔✔ correct answer a social learning approach that assumes all persistent
behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - ✔✔ correct answer language needed for academic
work and study
natural order hypothesis - ✔✔ correct answer one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits
that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners
classic conditioning - ✔✔ correct answer learning a response to stimuli or the environment
assimilation - ✔✔ correct answer when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds
, NYSTCE ESOL CST
passive voice - ✔✔ correct answer a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is
receiving the action of the main verb
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - ✔✔ correct answer social skills students use in
everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside the school
norm referenced - ✔✔ correct answer a test that measures students in comparison with other students
of the same age
integrative services - ✔✔ correct answer a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and
the clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected range of needed
assistance
Lau v. Nichols - ✔✔ correct answer This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified School
District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities; the ruling
stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the language needs of non-
English-speaking students.
total physical response (TPR) - ✔✔ correct answer an instructional method that provides students,
particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by listening to
and following spoken comands
bound morpheme - ✔✔ correct answer a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have meaning
sociolinguistics - ✔✔ correct answer the study of language and its relation to society and culture
sheltered instruction - ✔✔ correct answer provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content
while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - ✔✔ correct answer 1973 Supreme Court decision ruled
in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation as had only
previously been given to African American students
