NURS 518 Exam 1 Ch. 1-6 with solutions
World Health Organization definition of health - a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Healthy People 2020 Health Definition - Health is an interaction between an individual's
biology and behavior, physical and social environments, government policies and interventions,
and access to quality health care.
Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature
death.
Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
Physiology - The study of body function
Pathophysiology - is the study of the body's response to dysfunction or disease
disease - An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally. Interruption,
cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure.
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphological changes
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Clinical Course - Aspects of the disease process? (6)
Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
Physical: traumas, radiation, burns
Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
,Genetic inheritance
Nutritional excesses or deficits: obesity - Etiology Factors of Disease? (5)
Diagnostic Reasoning - Hallmark of clinical judgment and requires careful analysis.
Method of collecting and analyzing clinical information with the following components: (1)
attending to initially available cues, (2) formulating diagnostic hypotheses, (3) gathering data
relative to the tentative hypotheses, (4) evaluating each hypothesis with the new data collected,
and (5) arriving at a final diagnosis.
Symptom Analysis - Assessment and clinical decision making. The fixed properties of a
diagnostic test relate to its sensitivity and specificity.
Epidemiology - The study of disease occurrence in a population
Diagnosis - designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
History
Physical Exam
Diagnostic Tests - The diagnostic process requires? (3)
History (Hx) - used to obtain a person's account of their symptoms and their progression
and the factors that contribute to a diagnosis
Physical Exam (PE) - Done to observe for signs of altered body structure or function
Diagnostic Tests - Ordered to validate what is thought to be the problem; also ordered to
determine other possible health problems that were not obtained from the Hx and PE but may
be present given the signs and symptoms.
Normal - Established statistically from test results obtained from a selected sample of
people. This value represents the test results that fall within the bell curve or the 95%
distribution.
Validity - The extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is extended to
measure.
Reliability - Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over
repeated testings. Consistency.
Sensitivity - The proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a
given test or observation; true-positive result.
, Specificity - The proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given
test or observation; true-negative result
Greater - the higher specificity, the ________ the % of individuals who will have negative for
normal results, if they do not have the disease or condition
Predictive Value - Extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of
a person's condition. Depend more heavily on the prevalence of the condition in the population.
Positive Predictive Value
Prevalence - The probability that a person with a positive test result is truly positive refers
to ________________. Thia value rises with ______________?
Negative Predictive Value
Falls - The probability that a person with a negative test result is truly disease free. This
value _________ with prevalence.
Incidence
# of new cases/ population at risk = Incidence - The number or rate of new cases of a
particular condition during a specific time.
Risk - The cumulative incidence estimates the ________of developing the disease during the
period of time
Prevalence
# of existing cases/ current population= prevalence - The number or proportion of cases
of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
Mortality and Morbidity - These stats are useful in terms of anticipating health care needs,
planning of public education programs, directing health research efforts, and allocating health
care dollars
Morbidity - • the effects an illness has on a person's life
• Concerned not only with the occurrence or incidence of a disease but with persistence and the
long-term consequences of the disease
Mortality - • information on the causes of death in a given population
• often is expressed as death rates for a specific population,
World Health Organization definition of health - a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Healthy People 2020 Health Definition - Health is an interaction between an individual's
biology and behavior, physical and social environments, government policies and interventions,
and access to quality health care.
Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature
death.
Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
Physiology - The study of body function
Pathophysiology - is the study of the body's response to dysfunction or disease
disease - An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally. Interruption,
cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure.
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphological changes
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Clinical Course - Aspects of the disease process? (6)
Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
Physical: traumas, radiation, burns
Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
,Genetic inheritance
Nutritional excesses or deficits: obesity - Etiology Factors of Disease? (5)
Diagnostic Reasoning - Hallmark of clinical judgment and requires careful analysis.
Method of collecting and analyzing clinical information with the following components: (1)
attending to initially available cues, (2) formulating diagnostic hypotheses, (3) gathering data
relative to the tentative hypotheses, (4) evaluating each hypothesis with the new data collected,
and (5) arriving at a final diagnosis.
Symptom Analysis - Assessment and clinical decision making. The fixed properties of a
diagnostic test relate to its sensitivity and specificity.
Epidemiology - The study of disease occurrence in a population
Diagnosis - designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
History
Physical Exam
Diagnostic Tests - The diagnostic process requires? (3)
History (Hx) - used to obtain a person's account of their symptoms and their progression
and the factors that contribute to a diagnosis
Physical Exam (PE) - Done to observe for signs of altered body structure or function
Diagnostic Tests - Ordered to validate what is thought to be the problem; also ordered to
determine other possible health problems that were not obtained from the Hx and PE but may
be present given the signs and symptoms.
Normal - Established statistically from test results obtained from a selected sample of
people. This value represents the test results that fall within the bell curve or the 95%
distribution.
Validity - The extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is extended to
measure.
Reliability - Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over
repeated testings. Consistency.
Sensitivity - The proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a
given test or observation; true-positive result.
, Specificity - The proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given
test or observation; true-negative result
Greater - the higher specificity, the ________ the % of individuals who will have negative for
normal results, if they do not have the disease or condition
Predictive Value - Extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of
a person's condition. Depend more heavily on the prevalence of the condition in the population.
Positive Predictive Value
Prevalence - The probability that a person with a positive test result is truly positive refers
to ________________. Thia value rises with ______________?
Negative Predictive Value
Falls - The probability that a person with a negative test result is truly disease free. This
value _________ with prevalence.
Incidence
# of new cases/ population at risk = Incidence - The number or rate of new cases of a
particular condition during a specific time.
Risk - The cumulative incidence estimates the ________of developing the disease during the
period of time
Prevalence
# of existing cases/ current population= prevalence - The number or proportion of cases
of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
Mortality and Morbidity - These stats are useful in terms of anticipating health care needs,
planning of public education programs, directing health research efforts, and allocating health
care dollars
Morbidity - • the effects an illness has on a person's life
• Concerned not only with the occurrence or incidence of a disease but with persistence and the
long-term consequences of the disease
Mortality - • information on the causes of death in a given population
• often is expressed as death rates for a specific population,
