NYSTCE ESOL CST (116)
silent way - ✔️✔️teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be
much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible
during lessons in order to promote student participation and experimentation and to
concentrate on learning over teaching
dependent (or subordinate) clause - ✔️✔️a clause that cannot stand alone as its own
sentence
inferential item - ✔️✔️a piece of information that requires the test taker to read
between the lines in order to determine what an author is implying
communicative competence - ✔️✔️the ability to speak a language both appropriately in
a social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure
two-word stage - ✔️✔️stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and
use word combinations
early stage of literacy development - ✔️✔️characterized by the learner's use of multiple
strategies to predict and understand words
one-word stage - ✔️✔️stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of
a single word to convey a full meaning
humor stage - ✔️✔️stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with
their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture
SIFE - ✔️✔️Students with Interrupted Formal Education
labial consonant sound - ✔️✔️sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming
together (m)
gerund phrase - ✔️✔️phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act
as nouns)
connotation - ✔️✔️the emotional association of a word
helping verb - ✔️✔️verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred)
Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - ✔️✔️an individually administered assessment
that measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary
usage, verbal analogies, and letter-word identification
,Intonation - ✔️✔️the way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - ✔️✔️the smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - ✔️✔️developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinating conjunction - ✔️✔️joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to
which it is related
voiceless sounds - ✔️✔️sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords
Howard Gardner - ✔️✔️created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that
using a person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve
their potential
independent (or main) clause - ✔️✔️a clause that can stand alone as it's own
sequence
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - ✔️✔️an oral-based approach to language instruction
developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through
repetition
phonetics - ✔️✔️the study of the production of sounds in speech
intermediate fluency - ✔️✔️fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have
acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex
sentences and correct many of their own errors
free morpheme - ✔️✔️a morpheme that can stand on its own
literal item - ✔️✔️information that refers directly back to the content of the reading
material where the answer is defined word by word
monitor hypothesis - ✔️✔️knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be
used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech
validity - ✔️✔️indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to
measure; a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
,scaffold - ✔️✔️the support that allows a child to work above their independent level
and is gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
positive behavioral support - ✔️✔️a social learning approach that assumes all
persistent behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some
purpose
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - ✔️✔️language needed for
academic work and study
natural order hypothesis - ✔️✔️one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits
that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners
classic conditioning - ✔️✔️learning a response to stimuli or the environment
assimilation - ✔️✔️when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby
sounds
passive voice - ✔️✔️a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is
receiving the action of the main verb
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - ✔️✔️social skills students use in
everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside the
school
norm referenced - ✔️✔️a test that measures students in comparison with other
students of the same age
integrative services - ✔️✔️a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and
the clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected
range of needed assistance
Lau v. Nichols - ✔️✔️This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified
School District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational
opportunities; the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide
programs to address the language needs of non-English-speaking students.
total physical response (TPR) - ✔️✔️an instructional method that provides students,
particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills
by listening to and following spoken comands
bound morpheme - ✔️✔️a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have
meaning
, sociolinguistics - ✔️✔️the study of language and its relation to society and culture
sheltered instruction - ✔️✔️provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level
content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - ✔️✔️1973 Supreme Court decision
ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to
desegregation as had only previously been given to African American students
infinitive phrase - ✔️✔️a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb
extrinsic motivation - ✔️✔️motivation driven by external rewards
English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards - ✔️✔️identify the target language
development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction
that is appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning
discourse competence - ✔️✔️the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language
like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations,
and articles
clause - ✔️✔️contains both a subject and a predicate
relative pronoun - ✔️✔️a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live
in Texas, which is a big state.)
utterances - ✔️✔️speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are
surrounded on both sides by silence
indirect teaching - ✔️✔️student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates
opportunities for students to construct their own learning
linguistic relativism - ✔️✔️the belief that language only partially influences human
thought and action
WIDA - ✔️✔️(World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of
states that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support
ELLs in academics and language learning
thematic unit - ✔️✔️integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme
antecedent - ✔️✔️the noun a pronoun replaces
silent way - ✔️✔️teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be
much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible
during lessons in order to promote student participation and experimentation and to
concentrate on learning over teaching
dependent (or subordinate) clause - ✔️✔️a clause that cannot stand alone as its own
sentence
inferential item - ✔️✔️a piece of information that requires the test taker to read
between the lines in order to determine what an author is implying
communicative competence - ✔️✔️the ability to speak a language both appropriately in
a social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure
two-word stage - ✔️✔️stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and
use word combinations
early stage of literacy development - ✔️✔️characterized by the learner's use of multiple
strategies to predict and understand words
one-word stage - ✔️✔️stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of
a single word to convey a full meaning
humor stage - ✔️✔️stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with
their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture
SIFE - ✔️✔️Students with Interrupted Formal Education
labial consonant sound - ✔️✔️sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming
together (m)
gerund phrase - ✔️✔️phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act
as nouns)
connotation - ✔️✔️the emotional association of a word
helping verb - ✔️✔️verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred)
Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - ✔️✔️an individually administered assessment
that measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary
usage, verbal analogies, and letter-word identification
,Intonation - ✔️✔️the way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - ✔️✔️the smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - ✔️✔️developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinating conjunction - ✔️✔️joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to
which it is related
voiceless sounds - ✔️✔️sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords
Howard Gardner - ✔️✔️created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that
using a person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve
their potential
independent (or main) clause - ✔️✔️a clause that can stand alone as it's own
sequence
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - ✔️✔️an oral-based approach to language instruction
developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through
repetition
phonetics - ✔️✔️the study of the production of sounds in speech
intermediate fluency - ✔️✔️fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have
acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex
sentences and correct many of their own errors
free morpheme - ✔️✔️a morpheme that can stand on its own
literal item - ✔️✔️information that refers directly back to the content of the reading
material where the answer is defined word by word
monitor hypothesis - ✔️✔️knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be
used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech
validity - ✔️✔️indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to
measure; a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
,scaffold - ✔️✔️the support that allows a child to work above their independent level
and is gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
positive behavioral support - ✔️✔️a social learning approach that assumes all
persistent behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some
purpose
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - ✔️✔️language needed for
academic work and study
natural order hypothesis - ✔️✔️one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits
that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners
classic conditioning - ✔️✔️learning a response to stimuli or the environment
assimilation - ✔️✔️when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby
sounds
passive voice - ✔️✔️a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is
receiving the action of the main verb
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - ✔️✔️social skills students use in
everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside the
school
norm referenced - ✔️✔️a test that measures students in comparison with other
students of the same age
integrative services - ✔️✔️a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and
the clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected
range of needed assistance
Lau v. Nichols - ✔️✔️This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified
School District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational
opportunities; the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide
programs to address the language needs of non-English-speaking students.
total physical response (TPR) - ✔️✔️an instructional method that provides students,
particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills
by listening to and following spoken comands
bound morpheme - ✔️✔️a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have
meaning
, sociolinguistics - ✔️✔️the study of language and its relation to society and culture
sheltered instruction - ✔️✔️provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level
content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - ✔️✔️1973 Supreme Court decision
ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to
desegregation as had only previously been given to African American students
infinitive phrase - ✔️✔️a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb
extrinsic motivation - ✔️✔️motivation driven by external rewards
English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards - ✔️✔️identify the target language
development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction
that is appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning
discourse competence - ✔️✔️the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language
like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations,
and articles
clause - ✔️✔️contains both a subject and a predicate
relative pronoun - ✔️✔️a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live
in Texas, which is a big state.)
utterances - ✔️✔️speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are
surrounded on both sides by silence
indirect teaching - ✔️✔️student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates
opportunities for students to construct their own learning
linguistic relativism - ✔️✔️the belief that language only partially influences human
thought and action
WIDA - ✔️✔️(World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of
states that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support
ELLs in academics and language learning
thematic unit - ✔️✔️integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme
antecedent - ✔️✔️the noun a pronoun replaces
