SPHU 1020 Exam 1 Guide With
Complete Solution
Public health - ANSWER the approach to medicine that is concerned with the
health of the community or of a population
Host factors - ANSWER susceptibility
1. biological
2. genetic
3.lifestyle
Agents - ANSWER 1. single cause, not vectors
Environmental factors - ANSWER 1. exposure
2. living conditions
Central to host factors, agents, and environmental factors - ANSWER vectors
Vector function - ANSWER 1. blood of infected host
2. plasmodium parasites picked up
- undergo lifecycle development in vector host (mosquito)
3. Plasmodium stored in salivary glands
4. Transmitted to next person
Risk Factor - ANSWER any factor representing a greater risk of a health
disorder (or other unwanted conditions or events)
,ex: low SES, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, tobacco smoking
Determinants of health - ANSWER factors that affect health. can work in
combination can affect individual or population health.
1. biological
2. behavioral
3. socialo - cultural
Categories of health determinants - ANSWER 1. human biology and genetics
2. behavior and lifestyle
3. social
4. environmental
5. healthcare
1. Human biology - ANSWER Biological and genetic factors that affect health.
Risk indicators: (non-modifiable markers) age, sex, genetic, race, geography
Risk factors: (can be modified) obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes,
cholesterol, AIDS, stress
2. Lifestyle and Behavior - ANSWER behavior (lifestyle) factors that affect
health, personal health practices and coping skills
(nutrition, smoking, coping, child rearing, harm reduction, etc.)
3. Environmental factors - ANSWER Natural and manmade: water, air,
vehicles, noise machinery, food, radiation, occupational, housing, climate,
toxic waste, disasters
,4. Socioeconomic - ANSWER Economy and Public health. Dramatic decline in
the infectious diseases in 19th and early 20th centuries occurred in the
absence of effective medical therapy. The introduction of healthcare systems
in western societies had done little to reduce health inequalities. Longitudinal
work on the role of healthcare
Mckeown - ANSWER examined reductions in mortality in the UK during the
past two centuries from the principle infectious diseases. He showed that
while healthcare wasn't unimportant, the steady decline in mortality began
largely prior to the development of effective medical therapies. Role of
nutrition , socioeconomic status as a determinant of health. Decreased
mortality with increased prosperity and the increased standard of living
resulting primarily from the industrial revolution
5. Economic growth and prosperity: income spread and health - ANSWER
Japan best illustrates the relationship between narrow income spreads and
improved overall health. Between 1965 and 1990 it leaped ahead of all of the
industrialized countries despite increased smoking rates and fat. Life
expectancy increased by more than 10 years. Equitable income distribution
Evolution of Disease - ANSWER Etiological agents of disease include
communicable (infectious) and non-communicable (non-infectious)
Pathogenesis - ANSWER Describes mechanisms involved in the development
of disease in the body. Describes how etiological agents produce the clinical
manifestations of the disease
Natural History of Disease - ANSWER The natural course of the disease if no
medical intervention is done (outcomes may be different for different
diseases and also depends on host factors)
, Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment - ANSWER 1932-1972 40 year USPHS studies
the effects of untreated syphilis in black men in Alabama. They were
sharecroppers who were given healthcare for everything but the syphilis.
Disease States and Definitions - ANSWER Clinical manifestations of disease.
Symptoms and signs
Lesion of disease - ANSWER May be visible to the naked eye (gross lesions)
or only visible through the microscope (histological lesions usually seen
through biopsies.
Acute Disease - ANSWER Usually occur in a short period of time, have
distinct clinical features and resolves in a short period of time
Chronic disease - ANSWER evolves over a long period of time, may not have
distinct clinical symptoms and signs and persists for a long period of time
Incidence - ANSWER The total number of new cases in a specified population
over a specific period of time
Prevalence - ANSWER Total number of existing cases in a population
Point Prevalence - ANSWER Prevalence at a specific time point
Period Prevalence - ANSWER prevalence during a period of time
Morbidity - ANSWER # of people that get the disease
Mortality - ANSWER # of people that die of the disease
Endemic - ANSWER A disease that persists for all or most of the time in the
population
Epidemic - ANSWER A large # of cases in a short period of time, an outbreak
that becomes widespread
Complete Solution
Public health - ANSWER the approach to medicine that is concerned with the
health of the community or of a population
Host factors - ANSWER susceptibility
1. biological
2. genetic
3.lifestyle
Agents - ANSWER 1. single cause, not vectors
Environmental factors - ANSWER 1. exposure
2. living conditions
Central to host factors, agents, and environmental factors - ANSWER vectors
Vector function - ANSWER 1. blood of infected host
2. plasmodium parasites picked up
- undergo lifecycle development in vector host (mosquito)
3. Plasmodium stored in salivary glands
4. Transmitted to next person
Risk Factor - ANSWER any factor representing a greater risk of a health
disorder (or other unwanted conditions or events)
,ex: low SES, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, tobacco smoking
Determinants of health - ANSWER factors that affect health. can work in
combination can affect individual or population health.
1. biological
2. behavioral
3. socialo - cultural
Categories of health determinants - ANSWER 1. human biology and genetics
2. behavior and lifestyle
3. social
4. environmental
5. healthcare
1. Human biology - ANSWER Biological and genetic factors that affect health.
Risk indicators: (non-modifiable markers) age, sex, genetic, race, geography
Risk factors: (can be modified) obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes,
cholesterol, AIDS, stress
2. Lifestyle and Behavior - ANSWER behavior (lifestyle) factors that affect
health, personal health practices and coping skills
(nutrition, smoking, coping, child rearing, harm reduction, etc.)
3. Environmental factors - ANSWER Natural and manmade: water, air,
vehicles, noise machinery, food, radiation, occupational, housing, climate,
toxic waste, disasters
,4. Socioeconomic - ANSWER Economy and Public health. Dramatic decline in
the infectious diseases in 19th and early 20th centuries occurred in the
absence of effective medical therapy. The introduction of healthcare systems
in western societies had done little to reduce health inequalities. Longitudinal
work on the role of healthcare
Mckeown - ANSWER examined reductions in mortality in the UK during the
past two centuries from the principle infectious diseases. He showed that
while healthcare wasn't unimportant, the steady decline in mortality began
largely prior to the development of effective medical therapies. Role of
nutrition , socioeconomic status as a determinant of health. Decreased
mortality with increased prosperity and the increased standard of living
resulting primarily from the industrial revolution
5. Economic growth and prosperity: income spread and health - ANSWER
Japan best illustrates the relationship between narrow income spreads and
improved overall health. Between 1965 and 1990 it leaped ahead of all of the
industrialized countries despite increased smoking rates and fat. Life
expectancy increased by more than 10 years. Equitable income distribution
Evolution of Disease - ANSWER Etiological agents of disease include
communicable (infectious) and non-communicable (non-infectious)
Pathogenesis - ANSWER Describes mechanisms involved in the development
of disease in the body. Describes how etiological agents produce the clinical
manifestations of the disease
Natural History of Disease - ANSWER The natural course of the disease if no
medical intervention is done (outcomes may be different for different
diseases and also depends on host factors)
, Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment - ANSWER 1932-1972 40 year USPHS studies
the effects of untreated syphilis in black men in Alabama. They were
sharecroppers who were given healthcare for everything but the syphilis.
Disease States and Definitions - ANSWER Clinical manifestations of disease.
Symptoms and signs
Lesion of disease - ANSWER May be visible to the naked eye (gross lesions)
or only visible through the microscope (histological lesions usually seen
through biopsies.
Acute Disease - ANSWER Usually occur in a short period of time, have
distinct clinical features and resolves in a short period of time
Chronic disease - ANSWER evolves over a long period of time, may not have
distinct clinical symptoms and signs and persists for a long period of time
Incidence - ANSWER The total number of new cases in a specified population
over a specific period of time
Prevalence - ANSWER Total number of existing cases in a population
Point Prevalence - ANSWER Prevalence at a specific time point
Period Prevalence - ANSWER prevalence during a period of time
Morbidity - ANSWER # of people that get the disease
Mortality - ANSWER # of people that die of the disease
Endemic - ANSWER A disease that persists for all or most of the time in the
population
Epidemic - ANSWER A large # of cases in a short period of time, an outbreak
that becomes widespread
