Psychology 101 UNBC Midterm 1
Exam With Solution
Phineas Gage - ANSWER railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury
that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in
the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function
William James - ANSWER founder of functionalism; studied how humans use
perception to function in our environment
Encoding - ANSWER the processing of information into the memory system
encoding specificity - ANSWER phenomenon of remembering something
better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar
to the conditions under which we encoded it
context-dependent learning - ANSWER superior retrieval of memories when
the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
(context=environmental conditions; ex. multiple choice, essay, etc.)
state-dependent learning - ANSWER superior retrieval of memories when the
organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during
encoding (time of day, caffeinated, etc.)
multiply determined - ANSWER produced by many factors
individual differences - ANSWER variations among people in their thinking,
emotion, personality, and behavior
naive realism - ANSWER belief that we see the world precisely as it is
, reciprocal determinism - ANSWER tendency for people to mutually influence
each other's behavior
scientific theory - ANSWER A well-tested explanation for a wide range of
observations or experimental results.
confirmation bias - ANSWER a tendency to search for information that
confirms one's preconceptions
disconfirmation bias - ANSWER tendency to seek out evidence inconsistent
with a hypothesis we don't believe, and neglect information consistent with
it
belief perseverance - ANSWER tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even
when evidence contradicts them
Pseudoscience - ANSWER A fake or false science that makes claims based on
little or no scientific evidence.
fallacy - ANSWER a false or mistaken idea
emotional reasoning fallacy - ANSWER error of using emotions as guides for
evaluating the validity of a claim
scientific skepticism - ANSWER approach of evaluating all claims with an
open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them
john mack - ANSWER claimed that every night, hundreds to thousands of
people are abducted by aliens, professor at Harvard
Ruling out rival hypotheses - ANSWER Have important alternative
explanations for the findings been excluded?
correlation is not causation - ANSWER just because two variables correlate
Exam With Solution
Phineas Gage - ANSWER railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury
that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in
the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function
William James - ANSWER founder of functionalism; studied how humans use
perception to function in our environment
Encoding - ANSWER the processing of information into the memory system
encoding specificity - ANSWER phenomenon of remembering something
better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar
to the conditions under which we encoded it
context-dependent learning - ANSWER superior retrieval of memories when
the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
(context=environmental conditions; ex. multiple choice, essay, etc.)
state-dependent learning - ANSWER superior retrieval of memories when the
organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during
encoding (time of day, caffeinated, etc.)
multiply determined - ANSWER produced by many factors
individual differences - ANSWER variations among people in their thinking,
emotion, personality, and behavior
naive realism - ANSWER belief that we see the world precisely as it is
, reciprocal determinism - ANSWER tendency for people to mutually influence
each other's behavior
scientific theory - ANSWER A well-tested explanation for a wide range of
observations or experimental results.
confirmation bias - ANSWER a tendency to search for information that
confirms one's preconceptions
disconfirmation bias - ANSWER tendency to seek out evidence inconsistent
with a hypothesis we don't believe, and neglect information consistent with
it
belief perseverance - ANSWER tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even
when evidence contradicts them
Pseudoscience - ANSWER A fake or false science that makes claims based on
little or no scientific evidence.
fallacy - ANSWER a false or mistaken idea
emotional reasoning fallacy - ANSWER error of using emotions as guides for
evaluating the validity of a claim
scientific skepticism - ANSWER approach of evaluating all claims with an
open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them
john mack - ANSWER claimed that every night, hundreds to thousands of
people are abducted by aliens, professor at Harvard
Ruling out rival hypotheses - ANSWER Have important alternative
explanations for the findings been excluded?
correlation is not causation - ANSWER just because two variables correlate
