PSYCHOLOGY AND CONSELLING; NHS 211 QUESTIONS WITH ELABORATE ANSWERS

PSYCHOLOGY AND CONSELLING; NHS 211 QUESTIONS WITH ELABORATE ANSWERS 1) DISCUSS THE STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BY ERIK ERIKSON. 2 1)DISCUSS THE STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO ERIK ERIKSON STAGE 1: TRUST VS MISTRUST This occurs between birth and one-year age. At this stage the child is utterly dependent upon adult caregivers for everything they need to survive including food, love, warmth and nurturing hence developing trust is based on the dependability and quality of child’s caregivers. If the child successfully develops trust, the child will feel safe and secure in the world. Failure to develop trust, the child will result to developing fear and belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. Erikson described hope as openness to experience tempered by some wariness that danger may be present. STAGE 2: AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT This stage takes place during early adulthood. At this point of development, children are just starting to gain a little independence by performing basic actions on their own and making decisions. Erikson believed and explained that learning to control one’s bodily functions, toy preference and clothing selection leads to a feeling of control. Success of this stage leads to feelings of autonomy while failure results to feeling of shame and doubt. STAGE 3: INITIATIVE VS GUILT This stage takes place during the preschool years. Children begin to assert their powers and control over the world through directing play and social interactions. Those who succeed feel capable and able to lead others while those who fail to acquire skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt and lack of initiative. STAGE 4: INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY This stage takes place during early years from the age of 5-11 years. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishment and abilities. Success leads to a sense of competence while failure results in feelings of inferiority. STAGE 5: IDENTITY VS CONFUSION This stage takes place during the often-turbulent teenage years. It is essential in developing a sense of personal identity which will continue to influence behavior and development for the rest of a person’s life. Success in this stage leads to an ability to stay true to yourself while failure leads to a role of confusion and a weak sense of self. According to Erikson, identity is the ability to live in society standards and expectations. He also emphasized that ego identity constantly changes due to new experiences and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. STAGE 6: INTIMACY VS ISOLATION