Optometry Admission Test for exam study
guide with questions and answers
Which of the following is the mRNA start codon in most cases? - ANS AUG
Which of the types of RNA is the smallest? - ANS tRNA
Which of the following is NOT considered a pyrimidine? - ANS G
Which of the following ARE considered a pyrimidine? - ANS - Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
- One-carbon nitrogen ring bases
Which of the following is correctly paired set of DNA nucleotides? - ANS C-G
A-T
What are the building blocks of amino acids? - ANS Purines and Pyrimidines
Purines - ANS - Adenine and Guanine
- Two-carbon nitrogen ring bases
Which of the following characterizes a Western blot? - ANS Antibody/protein hybridization
Western Blot - ANS Western blots allow investigators to determine the molecular weight of a
protein and to measure relative amounts of the protein present in different samples.
Which of the following divisions of cell growth precedes Mitosis in the cell cycle? - ANS G2
Down Syndrome is directly linked to a genetic abnormality of chromosome? - ANS XXI
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Hardy-Weinberg Law? - ANS Genotype
selection does not occur at the Locus
Hardy-Weinberg Law - ANS Under the following conditions both phenotypic and allelic
frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in sexually reproducing populations:
large population size, no mutation, no immigration, random mating, random reproductive
success.
Which of the following is NOT an activated carrier? - ANS GMP
,The following are activated carriers - ANS ATP, SAM, TPP
The end product of the TCA cycle produces _____ NADH - ANS 3
How many ATP are required to transform pyruvate into glucose? - ANS 6
Which is NOT a derivative of the amino acid Tryptophan? - ANS Creatine
Derivatives of the amino acid Tryptophan - ANS Melatonin, Serotonin, Niacin
Amino Acids (AA) consist of? - ANS A tetrahedral alpha-carbon connected to an amino
group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group, which determines the AA's properties
Proteins consist of? - ANS Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, or amide bonds, which
have partial double bond characteristics, lack rotation, and are very stable
The secondary structure of proteins (alpha-helices and beta-sheets) are formed through? -
ANS Hydrogen bonding interactions between atoms in the backbone of the molecule
The most stable tertiary protein structure generally? - ANS Places polar AA's on the exterior
and non polar AA's on the interior of the protein. This minimizes interactions between non polar
AAs and water, while optimizing interactions between side chains inside the protein
Carbohydrates - ANS Are chains of hydrated carbon atoms with the molecular formula
CnH2nOn
Monosaccharides - ANS Like glucose, fructose, and galactose are energy molecules for cells
Disaccharides include? - ANS maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Polysaccharides are? - ANS For either glucose storage or structure.
Glycogen - ANS Is a glucose storage molecule in animals
Starch - ANS Is glucose storage for plants
Cellulose - ANS Is a plant structural molecule
Fats are? - ANS Hydrophobic molecules used for energy storage (tryglycerides), membrane
structure (phospholipids and cholesterol), or hormones (steroids)
Hydrolysis of a triglyceride - ANS Produce three equivalents of fatty acid carboxylates. These
amphipathic molecules form micelles in solution
,Cholesterol - ANS Is a ring-shaped lipid that helped stabilize lipid bilayers
Steroid hormones - ANS Are derived from cholesterol
Nucleotides - ANS Are the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), which are
comprised of pentose sugar a purine or pyrimidine base, and 2-3 phosphate units.
Cellular Respiration - ANS Is the oxidation of carbohydrates, reduction of electron carriers,
and generation of ATP
Glycolysis - ANS Occurs in the cytoplasm and generates two pyruvate molecules, two ATP,
and two NADH per glucose
Under anaerobic conditions - ANS The cell performs fermentations to regenerate NAD+ so
that glycolysis can continue
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) - ANS Functions in the mitochondrial matrix,
converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, and generate NADH
The Krebs Cycle - ANS In the mitochondrial matrix generate six NADH, two FADH2, and two
GTP per glucose
The electron transport chain - ANS In the inner mitochondrial membrane starts with the
oxidation of the electron carriers NADH and FADH2, and ends with the reduction of oxygen and
the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
ATP synthase - ANS In the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the proton gradient to
generate ATP (2.5 ATP per NADH from the mitochondrial matrix, 1.5 ATP per NADH from the
cytoplasm, and 1.5 ATP per FADH2)
Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes - ANS Perform cellular respiration, but prokaryotes used
their plasma membrane for the electron transport chain and generate two more ATP per glucose
than eukaryotes
Photosynthesis - ANS Is the process plants use to convert light to ATP. Summary equation is
essentially the chemical reverse of respiration
Photosynthesis occurs in? - ANS Two steps:
- The light-dependent reactions (which generate ATP and NADPH)
- The light-independent reactions (which generate carbohydrates)
DNA - ANS Is the fundamental unit of inheritance in cells
DNA and RNA are? - ANS Polymers, made of nucleotide monomers
, Adenine always pairs with? - ANS Thymine via two hydrogen bonds
Cytosine always pairs with? - ANS Guanine via three hydrogen bonds
Uracil replaces? - ANS Thymine in RNA, and the ribose in RNA has an OH group on carbon
2
DNA is? - ANS Supercoiled in prokaryotes and packaged around histone proteins in
eukaryotes
Prothrombin is a _____ globulin and is produced by the ____ - ANS Prothrombin is a ALPHA
globulin and is produced by the LIVER
The right coronary artery divides to form the posterior inter ventricular artery and the ____ artery
- ANS Marginal
Blood flowing into the cardiac veins enters the _____ next - ANS Coronary Sinus
If you are using a stethoscope and trying to detect the tricuspid valve which of the following
would be the best location? - ANS Within 2 inches of the typhoid process
Which of the following occurs during ventricular systole? - ANS Increased aortic pressure
Which of the following occurs during ventricular diastole? - ANS Increased ventricular volume
The innermost layer of a blood vessel is lined with? - ANS Simple squamous cells
Angiotension can directly cause the release of ______ from the adrenal cortex - ANS
Aldosterone
Cardiac output is the product of? - ANS HR and stroke volume
Pulmonary edema is most likely associated with a failing - ANS Left Ventricle
Which of the following is the first branch off the aortic arch? - ANS Brachiocephalic
The braciocephalic artery divides to form the right common carotid and the? - ANS Right
Subclavian Artery
Which of the following arteries creates the left spenic, hepatic, and gastric arteries? - ANS
Celiac Artery
guide with questions and answers
Which of the following is the mRNA start codon in most cases? - ANS AUG
Which of the types of RNA is the smallest? - ANS tRNA
Which of the following is NOT considered a pyrimidine? - ANS G
Which of the following ARE considered a pyrimidine? - ANS - Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
- One-carbon nitrogen ring bases
Which of the following is correctly paired set of DNA nucleotides? - ANS C-G
A-T
What are the building blocks of amino acids? - ANS Purines and Pyrimidines
Purines - ANS - Adenine and Guanine
- Two-carbon nitrogen ring bases
Which of the following characterizes a Western blot? - ANS Antibody/protein hybridization
Western Blot - ANS Western blots allow investigators to determine the molecular weight of a
protein and to measure relative amounts of the protein present in different samples.
Which of the following divisions of cell growth precedes Mitosis in the cell cycle? - ANS G2
Down Syndrome is directly linked to a genetic abnormality of chromosome? - ANS XXI
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Hardy-Weinberg Law? - ANS Genotype
selection does not occur at the Locus
Hardy-Weinberg Law - ANS Under the following conditions both phenotypic and allelic
frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in sexually reproducing populations:
large population size, no mutation, no immigration, random mating, random reproductive
success.
Which of the following is NOT an activated carrier? - ANS GMP
,The following are activated carriers - ANS ATP, SAM, TPP
The end product of the TCA cycle produces _____ NADH - ANS 3
How many ATP are required to transform pyruvate into glucose? - ANS 6
Which is NOT a derivative of the amino acid Tryptophan? - ANS Creatine
Derivatives of the amino acid Tryptophan - ANS Melatonin, Serotonin, Niacin
Amino Acids (AA) consist of? - ANS A tetrahedral alpha-carbon connected to an amino
group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group, which determines the AA's properties
Proteins consist of? - ANS Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, or amide bonds, which
have partial double bond characteristics, lack rotation, and are very stable
The secondary structure of proteins (alpha-helices and beta-sheets) are formed through? -
ANS Hydrogen bonding interactions between atoms in the backbone of the molecule
The most stable tertiary protein structure generally? - ANS Places polar AA's on the exterior
and non polar AA's on the interior of the protein. This minimizes interactions between non polar
AAs and water, while optimizing interactions between side chains inside the protein
Carbohydrates - ANS Are chains of hydrated carbon atoms with the molecular formula
CnH2nOn
Monosaccharides - ANS Like glucose, fructose, and galactose are energy molecules for cells
Disaccharides include? - ANS maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Polysaccharides are? - ANS For either glucose storage or structure.
Glycogen - ANS Is a glucose storage molecule in animals
Starch - ANS Is glucose storage for plants
Cellulose - ANS Is a plant structural molecule
Fats are? - ANS Hydrophobic molecules used for energy storage (tryglycerides), membrane
structure (phospholipids and cholesterol), or hormones (steroids)
Hydrolysis of a triglyceride - ANS Produce three equivalents of fatty acid carboxylates. These
amphipathic molecules form micelles in solution
,Cholesterol - ANS Is a ring-shaped lipid that helped stabilize lipid bilayers
Steroid hormones - ANS Are derived from cholesterol
Nucleotides - ANS Are the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), which are
comprised of pentose sugar a purine or pyrimidine base, and 2-3 phosphate units.
Cellular Respiration - ANS Is the oxidation of carbohydrates, reduction of electron carriers,
and generation of ATP
Glycolysis - ANS Occurs in the cytoplasm and generates two pyruvate molecules, two ATP,
and two NADH per glucose
Under anaerobic conditions - ANS The cell performs fermentations to regenerate NAD+ so
that glycolysis can continue
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) - ANS Functions in the mitochondrial matrix,
converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, and generate NADH
The Krebs Cycle - ANS In the mitochondrial matrix generate six NADH, two FADH2, and two
GTP per glucose
The electron transport chain - ANS In the inner mitochondrial membrane starts with the
oxidation of the electron carriers NADH and FADH2, and ends with the reduction of oxygen and
the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
ATP synthase - ANS In the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the proton gradient to
generate ATP (2.5 ATP per NADH from the mitochondrial matrix, 1.5 ATP per NADH from the
cytoplasm, and 1.5 ATP per FADH2)
Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes - ANS Perform cellular respiration, but prokaryotes used
their plasma membrane for the electron transport chain and generate two more ATP per glucose
than eukaryotes
Photosynthesis - ANS Is the process plants use to convert light to ATP. Summary equation is
essentially the chemical reverse of respiration
Photosynthesis occurs in? - ANS Two steps:
- The light-dependent reactions (which generate ATP and NADPH)
- The light-independent reactions (which generate carbohydrates)
DNA - ANS Is the fundamental unit of inheritance in cells
DNA and RNA are? - ANS Polymers, made of nucleotide monomers
, Adenine always pairs with? - ANS Thymine via two hydrogen bonds
Cytosine always pairs with? - ANS Guanine via three hydrogen bonds
Uracil replaces? - ANS Thymine in RNA, and the ribose in RNA has an OH group on carbon
2
DNA is? - ANS Supercoiled in prokaryotes and packaged around histone proteins in
eukaryotes
Prothrombin is a _____ globulin and is produced by the ____ - ANS Prothrombin is a ALPHA
globulin and is produced by the LIVER
The right coronary artery divides to form the posterior inter ventricular artery and the ____ artery
- ANS Marginal
Blood flowing into the cardiac veins enters the _____ next - ANS Coronary Sinus
If you are using a stethoscope and trying to detect the tricuspid valve which of the following
would be the best location? - ANS Within 2 inches of the typhoid process
Which of the following occurs during ventricular systole? - ANS Increased aortic pressure
Which of the following occurs during ventricular diastole? - ANS Increased ventricular volume
The innermost layer of a blood vessel is lined with? - ANS Simple squamous cells
Angiotension can directly cause the release of ______ from the adrenal cortex - ANS
Aldosterone
Cardiac output is the product of? - ANS HR and stroke volume
Pulmonary edema is most likely associated with a failing - ANS Left Ventricle
Which of the following is the first branch off the aortic arch? - ANS Brachiocephalic
The braciocephalic artery divides to form the right common carotid and the? - ANS Right
Subclavian Artery
Which of the following arteries creates the left spenic, hepatic, and gastric arteries? - ANS
Celiac Artery
