ERTH 2401 Final Exam With
Complete Solution
Late Cretaceous - When did the Pachycephalosauria live?
Asia - Pachycephalosauria lived exclusively in the northern hemisphere,
North America, and...
Herbivores - Were Pachycephalosauria herbivores or carnivores?
Head butting - What notable behaviour did Pachycephalosauria have?
Thick skull - What was the key identifying feature of Pachycephalosauria?
Marginocephalia - What clade did Pachycephalosauria belong to?
Skulls - Pachycephalosauria ______ are overrepresented in the fossil record
True - True or false: Pachycephalosauria may have had sexual dimorphism
Ceratopsians - Closest known relatives of Pachycephalosauria
Pachycephalosauria - Stegoceras (discovered by Lawrence Lambe in
Alberta, named in 1902), Acrotholus (recent discovery - 2013) and Dracorex
(recent discovery - 2006) are two notable examples of....
Thick head lizard - What does Pachycephalosauria mean?
Columns - Pachycephalosauria skulls are a dome filled with a network of
bony...
To support the head - Why are the neck muscles augmented in
Pachycephalosauria?
,Rounded; flattened - Pachycephalosauridae have a _____ skull roof whereas
Homalocephalidae have a _____ skull roof
Belly River Group - A total of 575 specimens of pachycephalosaurids are
known - almost 3/4 of them are from the ________ in Alberta
Large gut - Pachycephalosauria have a broad ribcage, allowing for a...
d) reduction of the back of the skull - Pachycephalosauria have unique
skulls, what is not a feature?
a) modified cheek
b) shortening of the floor brain case
c) thickened skull roof
d) reduction of the back of the skull
c) origin might be in central Europe where most are found - Select the false
statement about Pachycephalosauria:
a) they're found exclusively in the northern hemisphere
b) long gap between evolutionary divergence from other marginocephalians
and appearance in the fossil record
c) origin might be in central Europe where most are found
d) overrepresentation of skulls in the fossil record
d) elasticity in back preventing lateral rotation - Pachycephalosauria have
been hypothesized to exhibit a head butting behaviour similar to those seen
in rams today. Which of the following evidence does not support this claim?
a) vertebrae spliced together in a tongue and groove fashion
,b) scar tissue on outer surface of skulls
c) a network of bony columns perpendicular to surface
d) elasticity in back preventing lateral rotation
False - True or false: the plates of the Stegosaurus were purely used as a
defence mechanism.
Late Jurassic to late Cretaceous - When did Ceratopsia live?
North America, Europe, and Asia - Where did Ceratopsia live?
Herbivores (dental battery, low browsing) - Were Ceratopsia herbivores or
carnivores?
1. Ritualized combat
2. Sexual selection
3. Herd living - 3 behaviours of Ceratopsia
1. Frills and horns
2. Rostral bone/beak - Two key identifying features of Ceratopsia
Ceratopsia - Psittacosaurus, Protoceratops, and Ceratopsids are three
notable examples of...
Psittacosaurus and Neoceratopsia - Two clades of Ceratopsia
Neoceratopsia - Protoceratopsids, Leptoceratopsids, and Ceratopsidae
make up which clade of Ceratopsia?
False - True or false: Psittacosaurus had a frill
True - True or false: Psittacosaurus was bipedal and had a tail with quills
, and bristles
Rostral bone - Unique bone at the tip of the snout leading to a parrot-like
beak in Ceratopsia
c) by their frill and spike arrangement - How were different Ceratopsia
species analyzed?
a) by their skulls
b) by their tails
c) by their frill and spike arrangement
Parrot reptile - What does Psittacosaurus mean?
Interspecific and intraspecific - Ceratopsia had complex _______ and ______
behaviours
Middle Jurassic to late Cretaceous - When did the Ornithopoda live?
Worldwide - Where did the Ornithopoda live?
Herbivores (dental battery) - Were Ornithopoda herbivores or carnivores?
Crests - What did Ornithopoda have for visual/vocal display?
True - True or false: Ornithopoda lived in herds
Ornithopoda - Cranial kinesis (i.e. skull bones being able to move
independently from one another) was a key feature of...
Bird foot - What does Ornithopoda mean?
Ornithopoda - Iguanodon, Hadrosaurs, and Hypsilophodontodae are
notable examples of...
Complete Solution
Late Cretaceous - When did the Pachycephalosauria live?
Asia - Pachycephalosauria lived exclusively in the northern hemisphere,
North America, and...
Herbivores - Were Pachycephalosauria herbivores or carnivores?
Head butting - What notable behaviour did Pachycephalosauria have?
Thick skull - What was the key identifying feature of Pachycephalosauria?
Marginocephalia - What clade did Pachycephalosauria belong to?
Skulls - Pachycephalosauria ______ are overrepresented in the fossil record
True - True or false: Pachycephalosauria may have had sexual dimorphism
Ceratopsians - Closest known relatives of Pachycephalosauria
Pachycephalosauria - Stegoceras (discovered by Lawrence Lambe in
Alberta, named in 1902), Acrotholus (recent discovery - 2013) and Dracorex
(recent discovery - 2006) are two notable examples of....
Thick head lizard - What does Pachycephalosauria mean?
Columns - Pachycephalosauria skulls are a dome filled with a network of
bony...
To support the head - Why are the neck muscles augmented in
Pachycephalosauria?
,Rounded; flattened - Pachycephalosauridae have a _____ skull roof whereas
Homalocephalidae have a _____ skull roof
Belly River Group - A total of 575 specimens of pachycephalosaurids are
known - almost 3/4 of them are from the ________ in Alberta
Large gut - Pachycephalosauria have a broad ribcage, allowing for a...
d) reduction of the back of the skull - Pachycephalosauria have unique
skulls, what is not a feature?
a) modified cheek
b) shortening of the floor brain case
c) thickened skull roof
d) reduction of the back of the skull
c) origin might be in central Europe where most are found - Select the false
statement about Pachycephalosauria:
a) they're found exclusively in the northern hemisphere
b) long gap between evolutionary divergence from other marginocephalians
and appearance in the fossil record
c) origin might be in central Europe where most are found
d) overrepresentation of skulls in the fossil record
d) elasticity in back preventing lateral rotation - Pachycephalosauria have
been hypothesized to exhibit a head butting behaviour similar to those seen
in rams today. Which of the following evidence does not support this claim?
a) vertebrae spliced together in a tongue and groove fashion
,b) scar tissue on outer surface of skulls
c) a network of bony columns perpendicular to surface
d) elasticity in back preventing lateral rotation
False - True or false: the plates of the Stegosaurus were purely used as a
defence mechanism.
Late Jurassic to late Cretaceous - When did Ceratopsia live?
North America, Europe, and Asia - Where did Ceratopsia live?
Herbivores (dental battery, low browsing) - Were Ceratopsia herbivores or
carnivores?
1. Ritualized combat
2. Sexual selection
3. Herd living - 3 behaviours of Ceratopsia
1. Frills and horns
2. Rostral bone/beak - Two key identifying features of Ceratopsia
Ceratopsia - Psittacosaurus, Protoceratops, and Ceratopsids are three
notable examples of...
Psittacosaurus and Neoceratopsia - Two clades of Ceratopsia
Neoceratopsia - Protoceratopsids, Leptoceratopsids, and Ceratopsidae
make up which clade of Ceratopsia?
False - True or false: Psittacosaurus had a frill
True - True or false: Psittacosaurus was bipedal and had a tail with quills
, and bristles
Rostral bone - Unique bone at the tip of the snout leading to a parrot-like
beak in Ceratopsia
c) by their frill and spike arrangement - How were different Ceratopsia
species analyzed?
a) by their skulls
b) by their tails
c) by their frill and spike arrangement
Parrot reptile - What does Psittacosaurus mean?
Interspecific and intraspecific - Ceratopsia had complex _______ and ______
behaviours
Middle Jurassic to late Cretaceous - When did the Ornithopoda live?
Worldwide - Where did the Ornithopoda live?
Herbivores (dental battery) - Were Ornithopoda herbivores or carnivores?
Crests - What did Ornithopoda have for visual/vocal display?
True - True or false: Ornithopoda lived in herds
Ornithopoda - Cranial kinesis (i.e. skull bones being able to move
independently from one another) was a key feature of...
Bird foot - What does Ornithopoda mean?
Ornithopoda - Iguanodon, Hadrosaurs, and Hypsilophodontodae are
notable examples of...
